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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Thrombin (Factor IIa). Fibrinopeptide A is not a therapeutic drug but a natural substrate and cleavage product of thrombin. Thrombin binds to the central region of fibrinogen and catalyzes the release of two short peptides (Fibrinopeptide A, 16 residues, and Fibrinopeptide B, 14 residues) from the Aalpha and Bbeta chains, respectively. Cleavage of Fibrinopeptide A exposes polymerization sites on fibrinogen, allowing the conversion of monomeric fibrinogen into polymeric fibrin. This process is essential for blood clot formation.
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| ln Vitro |
Thrombin is responsible for mediating the transformation of monomeric fibrinogen into polymerized fibrin. It does this by binding to the central region of fibrinogen and catalyzing the production of two short peptides: 14- and 16-residue fibrinopeptide A (FpA). Cleavage of protein peptide B (FpB), which is situated at the Aα and Bβ chains' respective NH2 termini [1].
Fibrinopeptide A, human TFA is not an inhibitor; it is a cleavage product. In vitro, thrombin is incubated with human fibrinogen in Tris-buffered saline containing CaCl2 at 37degC for various time points (1-30 minutes). The released Fibrinopeptide A is quantified by reversed-phase HPLC or by radioimmunoassay (RIA) as a measure of thrombin activity. The peptide itself has no intrinsic enzymatic activity but serves as a readout for thrombin function. |
| ln Vivo |
Fibrinopeptide A (FPA), a tiny peptide with a brief half-life that thrombin cleaves from fibrinogen, is regarded as a sensitive biochemical indicator of fibrin synthesis, thrombin activity, and persistent thrombosis [2].
Not applicable (biomarker peptide, not a therapeutic). Fibrinopeptide A is released from fibrinogen during blood coagulation in vivo. Elevated plasma levels of Fibrinopeptide A are observed in thrombotic disorders including deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), acute myocardial infarction, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). In clinical research, plasma Fibrinopeptide A levels are used as a sensitive biochemical indicator of thrombin activity and ongoing thrombosis. |
| Enzyme Assay |
Not applicable (no enzyme/receptor binding activity; it is a substrate cleavage product). Thrombin (0.1-1 U/mL) is incubated with human fibrinogen (2-4 mg/mL) in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4) containing 150 mM NaCl and 5 mM CaCl2 at 37degC for 1-30 minutes. The reaction is terminated by adding 0.2% trifluoroacetic acid or by heating at 95degC for 5 minutes. The released Fibrinopeptide A is separated from fibrinogen and other cleavage products by reversed-phase HPLC (C18 column, 0-60% acetonitrile gradient) and quantified by UV absorbance at 214 nm or by mass spectrometry.
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| Cell Assay |
Not applicable (a peptide biomarker, not a test article for cell-based assays). Fibrinopeptide A is not added to cells for functional assays. However, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) or platelets can be incubated with thrombin (0.1-1 U/mL) in cell culture medium, and the released Fibrinopeptide A in the supernatant is quantified by ELISA as a measure of thrombin activity and fibrin formation. The peptide itself does not elicit a cellular response.
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| Animal Protocol |
Not applicable (peptide biomarker, not a therapeutic administered to animals). In animal models of thrombosis (e.g., rat or mouse FeCl3-induced carotid artery thrombosis, or rabbit jugular vein thrombosis), blood samples are collected at baseline and at various time points after thrombus induction. Plasma Fibrinopeptide A levels are measured by ELISA as a biomarker of thrombin activation and thrombus formation. The peptide is not administered as an exogenous test article.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Fibrinopeptide A, human TFA has a molecular weight of approximately 1651 Da. It is soluble in aqueous buffers and stored at -20degC as a lyophilized powder. In vivo, the peptide has a very short half-life (minutes) due to rapid clearance by the kidneys and proteolytic degradation. This short half-life makes Fibrinopeptide A an excellent real-time biomarker of acute thrombin activation, as its levels reflect ongoing thrombosis rather than historical events.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Not applicable (biomarker peptide, not a therapeutic agent). Fibrinopeptide A itself is not administered to humans or animals as a drug. As a naturally occurring peptide fragment, it does not elicit toxic effects at the low concentrations observed in plasma during thrombosis. The TFA salt is a laboratory reagent and should be handled with standard precautions (gloves, lab coat) to avoid accidental ingestion or injection. The peptide is for research use only.
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| References |
[1]. Riedel T, et al. Fibrinopeptides A and B release in the process of surface fibrin formation. Blood. 2011 Feb 3;117(5):1700-6.
[2]. Manolis AS, et al. Plasma level changes of fibrinopeptide A after uncomplicated coronary angioplasty. Clin Cardiol. 1993 Jul;16(7):548-52. |
| Additional Infomation |
Fibrinopeptide A, human TFA is a 16-residue short polypeptide (sequence: A D S G E G D F L A E G G G V R) located at the NH2-terminus of the Aalpha chain of fibrinogen. Its cleavage by thrombin is the initial step in the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, leading to blood coagulation. This peptide is a sensitive biomarker for thrombin activity and is used in thrombosis research, coagulation studies, and clinical diagnostics. The peptide is for research use only and not for therapeutic applications.
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| Molecular Formula |
C65H98F3N19O28
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
1650.57934617996
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| Exact Mass |
1748.66
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| CAS # |
61533-47-9
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| Related CAS # |
Fibrinopeptide A, human;25422-31-5
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| PubChem CID |
170907484
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
25
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
38
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
51
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| Heavy Atom Count |
121
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| Complexity |
3300
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
11
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| SMILES |
C[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CC=CC=C1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)NCC(=O)NCC(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)[C@@H](CCCN=C(N)N)C(=O)O)N.C(=O)(C(F)(F)F)O.C(=O)(C(F)(F)F)O
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| InChi Key |
YTCWXKCBNKACEG-LSVGMQDPSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C63H96N18O26.2C2HF3O2/c1-29(2)19-37(58(102)73-32(6)54(98)76-36(15-17-48(90)91)56(100)70-24-43(84)68-23-42(83)69-25-46(87)81-51(30(3)4)52(96)34(62(106)107)13-10-18-67-63(65)66)78-59(103)38(20-33-11-8-7-9-12-33)79-60(104)39(21-49(92)93)75-45(86)27-71-55(99)35(14-16-47(88)89)74-44(85)26-72-57(101)41(28-82)80-61(105)40(22-50(94)95)77-53(97)31(5)64;2*3-2(4,5)1(6)7/h7-9,11-12,29-32,34-41,51,82H,10,13-28,64H2,1-6H3,(H,68,84)(H,69,83)(H,70,100)(H,71,99)(H,72,101)(H,73,102)(H,74,85)(H,75,86)(H,76,98)(H,77,97)(H,78,103)(H,79,104)(H,80,105)(H,81,87)(H,88,89)(H,90,91)(H,92,93)(H,94,95)(H,106,107)(H4,65,66,67);2*(H,6,7)/t31-,32-,34+,35-,36-,37-,38-,39-,40-,41-,51-;;/m0../s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2R,4S)-4-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]acetyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-2-[3-(diaminomethylideneamino)propyl]-5-methyl-3-oxohexanoic acid;2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 0.6058 mL | 3.0292 mL | 6.0585 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.1212 mL | 0.6058 mL | 1.2117 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.0606 mL | 0.3029 mL | 0.6058 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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