| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Ethidium monoazide bromide does not have a specific biological target in the context of pharmacology. It intercalates into double-stranded DNA, with preferential binding to DNA in cells with compromised membranes. Upon photoactivation, it forms a covalent bond with DNA, permanently labeling the DNA of dead cells. This property makes it useful for distinguishing viable from non-viable cells in microbiology and molecular biology.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In vitro, EMA is used to differentiate between live and dead cells. It selectively enters cells with damaged membranes and intercalates into DNA. Upon exposure to light, it covalently binds to DNA, preventing its amplification by PCR. This allows for the selective detection of DNA from viable cells in mixed populations. Specific activity data are not applicable.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo applications of EMA are not typical, as it is primarily used in vitro for microbial viability testing. It is not administered to living animals for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes.
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| Enzyme Assay |
A cell-free assay for EMA is not applicable as it is a DNA-intercalating dye. Its binding to DNA can be assessed by fluorescence spectroscopy or by measuring its ability to inhibit PCR amplification. Its photoactivation and covalent binding to DNA can be studied in cell-free systems using purified DNA.
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| Cell Assay |
Cellular experiments with EMA typically involve treating microbial or eukaryotic cell suspensions with the dye, followed by photoactivation. Cells are then analyzed by flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, or PCR to distinguish live from dead cells. EMA selectively stains dead cells with compromised membranes. Specific protocols depend on the application.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments for EMA are not described in the available sources. It is not used as a therapeutic agent in animal models.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
EMA is a small molecule dye with a molecular weight of approximately 420.3. It is soluble in DMSO and other organic solvents. Specific pharmacokinetic properties are not applicable as it is not a therapeutic drug.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicity data for EMA are not provided in the available sources. As a DNA-intercalating agent, it has mutagenic potential and should be handled with caution. It is intended for research use only and not for human consumption.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Ethidium monoazide bromide (CAS: 58880-05-0) is a DNA-intercalating fluorescent dye used to differentiate between live and dead cells. It is also known as EMA. The dye enters cells with damaged membranes, intercalates into DNA, and upon photoactivation, covalently binds to DNA, preventing PCR amplification. It is also a click chemistry reagent containing an azide group. It is not a therapeutic drug and is strictly for research purposes.
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| Molecular Formula |
C21H18N5+.BR-
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
420.30512
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| Exact Mass |
419.075
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| CAS # |
58880-05-0
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| Related CAS # |
69498-50-6 (Parent)
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| PubChem CID |
2762649
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
|
| LogP |
2.529
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
27
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| Complexity |
525
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
CCN1C2=CC(=N)C=CC2=C3C=CC(=CC3=C1C4=CC=CC=C4)N=[N+]=[N-].Br
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| InChi Key |
GHUXAYLZEGLXDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C21H17N5.BrH/c1-2-26-20-12-15(22)8-10-18(20)17-11-9-16(24-25-23)13-19(17)21(26)14-6-4-3-5-7-14;/h3-13,22H,2H2,1H3;1H
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| Chemical Name |
8-azido-5-ethyl-6-phenylphenanthridin-5-ium-3-amine;bromide
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.3792 mL | 11.8960 mL | 23.7920 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4758 mL | 2.3792 mL | 4.7584 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2379 mL | 1.1896 mL | 2.3792 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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