| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1mg |
|
||
| 5mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Equisetin targets HIV-1 integrase, an enzyme essential for the integration of viral DNA into the host genome. It also targets bacterial cell wall synthesis or other essential processes in Gram-positive bacteria. As a quorum sensing inhibitor, equisetin attenuates the QS-regulated virulence phenotype in Pseudomonas aeruginosa without affecting bacterial growth. Its antibiotic activity is selective for Gram-positive bacteria.
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In vitro, equisetin inhibits the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and HIV-1 integrase activity but shows no activity against Gram-negative bacteria. As a quorum sensing inhibitor, it can attenuate the QS-regulated virulence phenotype in Pseudomonas aeruginosa without affecting bacterial growth. The compound's antibiotic and cytotoxic activities have been characterized in antimicrobial susceptibility assays and cell-based cytotoxicity assays.
|
| ln Vivo |
In vivo activity of equisetin has been demonstrated in models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, where it attenuates virulence without affecting bacterial growth. As an antibiotic, its in vivo efficacy would be expected against Gram-positive bacterial infections. However, detailed in vivo data for equisetin are limited in the available literature. The compound is a natural product with potential applications in studying bacterial infections and quorum sensing.
|
| Enzyme Assay |
The in vitro antimicrobial assay for equisetin involves determining minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against various bacterial strains. Bacterial cultures are grown in appropriate media and treated with varying concentrations of equisetin (typically 0.1-100 ug/mL) in 96-well plates. After incubation at 37degC for 18-24 hours, bacterial growth is assessed by measuring optical density at 600 nm or by viable colony counting. The MIC is determined as the lowest concentration that inhibits visible bacterial growth. For HIV-1 integrase inhibition, the compound is incubated with recombinant integrase and DNA substrates, and integrase activity is measured by gel electrophoresis or fluorescence-based assays.
|
| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays for equisetin are conducted using cancer cell lines to assess its cytotoxic activity. Cells are seeded in 96-well plates and treated with varying concentrations of equisetin (typically 0.1-100 uM) for 24-72 hours. Cell viability is assessed using MTT, CellTiter-Glo, or crystal violet staining assays. Apoptosis is evaluated using Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining or by measuring caspase-3/7 activity. For quorum sensing studies, Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures are treated with equisetin and virulence factor production (e.g., pyocyanin, elastase) is measured.
|
| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for equisetin typically involve administration to rodents in models of bacterial infection. The compound is administered by intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection at doses determined from preliminary pharmacokinetic and tolerability studies. In models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, the compound's ability to attenuate virulence and improve survival is assessed. Bacterial burden in tissues is measured by viable colony counting. Standard toxicology parameters including body weight and clinical observations are monitored.
|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of equisetin have been partially characterized. The compound has a molecular weight of 373.49 and a molecular formula of C22H31NO4. It has a LogP of 2.959 and is soluble in DMSO at 1 mg/mL. The compound appears as a white to off-white solid powder. For storage, the powder should be kept at -20degC for up to 3 years, and solutions at -80degC for 6 months. Detailed ADME parameters are not extensively documented.
|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicological profile of equisetin has not been extensively characterized. As a natural product with antibiotic and cytotoxic activities, the compound may have effects on cell viability and proliferation. The compound is for research use only and is not intended for human therapeutic use. Standard safety precautions should be followed when handling the compound in a laboratory setting. No specific LD50 values have been reported.
|
| References |
|
| Additional Infomation |
Equisetin has been reported to be found in Fusarium heterospora, Fusarium equina, and other organisms with available data.
Equisetin (CAS 57749-43-6) is an N-methylserine-derived acyl tetramic acid from Fusarium equiseti NRRL 5537. It inhibits Gram-positive bacteria and HIV-1 integrase activity but shows no activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is also a quorum sensing inhibitor that attenuates virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The compound is a research tool for studying bacterial infections and quorum sensing. |
| Molecular Formula |
C₂₂H₃₁NO₄
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
373.49
|
| Exact Mass |
373.225
|
| CAS # |
57749-43-6
|
| PubChem CID |
54684703
|
| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
|
| Density |
1.187 g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
513.6ºC at 760 mmHg
|
| Flash Point |
264.4ºC
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.587
|
| LogP |
2.959
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
27
|
| Complexity |
722
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
6
|
| SMILES |
C/C=C/[C@@H]1C=C[C@@H]2C[C@@H](CC[C@H]2[C@]1(C)/C(=C\3/C(=O)[C@@H](N(C3=O)C)CO)/O)C
|
| InChi Key |
QNQBPPQLRODXET-AIMHRHHOSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C22H31NO4/c1-5-6-15-9-8-14-11-13(2)7-10-16(14)22(15,3)20(26)18-19(25)17(12-24)23(4)21(18)27/h5-6,8-9,13-17,24,26H,7,10-12H2,1-4H3/b6-5+,20-18+/t13-,14-,15-,16-,17+,22-/m1/s1
|
| Chemical Name |
(3E,5S)-3-[[(1S,2R,4aS,6R,8aR)-1,6-dimethyl-2-[(E)-prop-1-enyl]-4a,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-2H-naphthalen-1-yl]-hydroxymethylidene]-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1-methylpyrrolidine-2,4-dione
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.6774 mL | 13.3872 mL | 26.7745 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5355 mL | 2.6774 mL | 5.3549 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2677 mL | 1.3387 mL | 2.6774 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
Copyright 2020 InvivoChem LLC | All Rights Reserved
