| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 100mg |
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| 500mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Endomorphin 2 primarily targets the μ-opioid receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor that is the primary target of morphine and other opioid analgesics. It acts as a highly selective and potent agonist at this receptor, with higher affinity and selectivity than other endogenous opioids such as endorphins and enkephalins. By activating the μ-opioid receptor, it inhibits neurotransmitter release, reduces neuronal excitability, and produces analgesic effects.
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| ln Vitro |
One of two forms of endomorphin, endomorphin 2 is an endogenous opioid peptide. This μ-opioid receptor agonist has a high affinity and selectivity, and it functions in tandem with endomorphin-1 (EM-2). Ki values for both endomorphins ranged from 20 to 30 nM, indicating reasonable affinities for the kappa3 binding site. Highly effective competition exists between endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 for μ1 and μ2 receptor sites. With Ki values higher than 500 nM, endomorphin exhibits essentially no discernible affinity for delta or kappa1 binding sites [1].
In vitro, endomorphin 2 binds to the μ-opioid receptor with high affinity (Ki in the low nanomolar range). Its activity is assessed using radioligand binding assays, where the compound displaces radiolabeled μ-opioid receptor ligands (e.g., [³H]DAMGO) from receptor preparations. Functional assays measure the activation of μ-opioid receptor-mediated signaling, including inhibition of cAMP accumulation and activation of G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels (GIRKs). |
| ln Vivo |
The analgesic effects of endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 peak at 10 and 15 minutes, respectively. Both are powerful hormones. Peak effect was used in all ensuing research. Without exhibiting any signs of a ceiling effect, both compounds were fully active both on and off the spine. Both intra- and supraspinally, endomorphin 1 exhibits a much higher potency than endomorphin 2, and this difference is evident at the spinal level. Naloxone is an easy way to stop the reactions to both medicines. Reversing the effects of both endorphins is possible with β-FNA, a highly selective mu antagonist. For both drugs, at doses that caused over 70% analgesia in control CD-1 mice, there was no analgesic effect in CXBK animals [1].
In vivo, endomorphin 2 produces potent analgesic effects when administered centrally (intracerebroventricularly or intrathecally) in animal models. It has been shown to be effective in various pain models, including acute, inflammatory, and neuropathic pain. The compound also modulates stress responses, reward, and gastrointestinal function. Its effects are mediated through activation of central and peripheral μ-opioid receptors. |
| Enzyme Assay |
The in vitro activity of endomorphin 2 is assessed using radioligand binding assays and functional assays. For receptor binding, membrane preparations from cells expressing the μ-opioid receptor are incubated with a radiolabeled μ-opioid receptor ligand (e.g., [³H]DAMGO) in the presence of varying concentrations of endomorphin 2. The displacement of the radiolabeled ligand is measured to determine the Ki. For functional assays, cells expressing the μ-opioid receptor are treated with endomorphin 2, and cAMP accumulation (inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP) is measured by ELISA. GIRK channel activation can be assessed using electrophysiological techniques.
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| Cell Assay |
For cellular assays, cell lines expressing the μ-opioid receptor (e.g., CHO cells stably transfected with μ-opioid receptor) are used. Cells are cultured in appropriate media and treated with various concentrations of endomorphin 2 (typically 0.1 nM to 10 μM) for defined periods. cAMP levels are measured by ELISA. Receptor internalization can be assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Cell viability is assessed using standard assays.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo, endomorphin 2 is typically administered intracerebroventricularly, intrathecally, or directly into specific brain regions in animal models. Doses typically range from 0.1 to 10 μg per animal. Analgesic effects are assessed using the tail-flick test, hot plate test, or formalin test. Other effects, such as changes in locomotor activity, feeding behavior, or stress responses, can also be assessed. The compound is not administered systemically due to poor blood-brain barrier penetration and rapid degradation by peptidases.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Endomorphin 2 has a molecular weight of 595.69 g/mol and a molecular formula of C34H37N5O5. It is a tetrapeptide with the sequence Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH2. The compound is soluble in water and DMSO. It is rapidly degraded by peptidases in the circulation and tissues, limiting its systemic bioavailability. The compound should be stored at -20°C under appropriate conditions to maintain stability.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Endomorphin 2 is an endogenous peptide and is generally well-tolerated at pharmacological doses. However, as a μ-opioid receptor agonist, it can produce opioid-like effects, including analgesia, sedation, respiratory depression, and addiction potential. The compound should be used with caution in research settings. Comprehensive toxicological studies are required for potential therapeutic applications.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Endomorphin 2 is an endogenous opioid peptide that was first identified in the late 1990s. It is one of the most selective endogenous μ-opioid receptor agonists known, with higher affinity and selectivity than other endogenous opioids. The compound has been extensively studied for its role in pain modulation, stress responses, and reward. Endomorphin 2 is not approved for clinical use and is intended for research purposes only. It is available from chemical suppliers for research applications.
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| Molecular Formula |
C32H37N5O5
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
571.67
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| Exact Mass |
571.279
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| CAS # |
141801-26-5
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| Related CAS # |
Endomorphin 2 TFA;1276124-00-5
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| PubChem CID |
5311081
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| Sequence |
Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH2YPFF-NH2
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| SequenceShortening |
YPFF-NH2
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| Density |
1.292g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
972.4ºC at 760mmHg
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| Melting Point |
130-131℃
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| Flash Point |
541.9ºC
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| Vapour Pressure |
0mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.632
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| LogP |
3.313
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
5
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
12
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| Heavy Atom Count |
42
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| Complexity |
911
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
4
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| SMILES |
O=C(N)[C@H](CC1=CC=CC=C1)NC([C@H](CC2=CC=CC=C2)NC([C@H]3N(C([C@H](CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)N)=O)CCC3)=O)=O
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| InChi Key |
XIJHWXXXIMEHKW-LJWNLINESA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C32H37N5O5/c33-25(18-23-13-15-24(38)16-14-23)32(42)37-17-7-12-28(37)31(41)36-27(20-22-10-5-2-6-11-22)30(40)35-26(29(34)39)19-21-8-3-1-4-9-21/h1-6,8-11,13-16,25-28,38H,7,12,17-20,33H2,(H2,34,39)(H,35,40)(H,36,41)/t25-,26-,27-,28-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]-N-[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-amino-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide
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| Synonyms |
Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH2; Endomorphin 2
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.7493 mL | 8.7463 mL | 17.4926 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3499 mL | 1.7493 mL | 3.4985 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1749 mL | 0.8746 mL | 1.7493 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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