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| Targets |
Eleutheroside B1 targets influenza virus replication through the modulation of host and viral gene expression. The compound mediates its anti-influenza activity through POLR2A (DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB1) and N-glycosylation pathways. It inhibits the mRNA expression of several chemokine genes and the influenza nucleoprotein (NP) gene, thereby suppressing viral replication. Eleutheroside B1 also functions as an immunomodulatory agent, enhancing host antiviral immune responses. The compound's coumarin glycoside structure allows it to interfere with viral entry or replication through multiple mechanisms, including suppression of viral envelope glycoprotein-receptor binding and modulation of host cell signaling pathways involved in antiviral defense.
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| ln Vitro |
In A549 cells, eutheroside B1 (100 µg/ml; 24 hours) alters the mRNA expression of viral and host genes [1].
In vitro, Eleutheroside B1 (100 µg/mL; 24 hours) influences mRNA expression of both host genes and virus genes in A549 human lung epithelial cells. Treatment results in decreased expression of host genes (MAN2A2, POLR2A) and virus genes (PA, PB1, PB2, HA). The compound exhibits broad-spectrum anti-influenza virus activity with low cytotoxicity. In vitro studies have demonstrated that Eleutheroside B1 inhibits the mRNA expression of several chemokine genes and the influenza nucleoprotein (NP) gene. The compound also shows anti-inflammatory activity and may modulate immune responses. Its antiviral efficacy is attributed to both direct inhibition of viral replication and enhancement of host antiviral immune responses. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Eleutheroside B1 has been investigated for its capacity to enhance host antiviral immune responses. As a natural product with immunomodulatory properties, it may protect against influenza virus infection by boosting the host's innate and adaptive immune defenses. The compound's coumarin glycoside structure suggests it may have favorable oral bioavailability and tissue distribution, though detailed in vivo pharmacokinetic and efficacy data require further investigation. Eleutheroside B1 is studied as a model glycoside for identifying structure–function relationships in plant-based antivirals. Its potential to interfere with viral envelope glycoprotein–receptor binding is explored for viral entry suppression. Further preclinical studies are needed to fully establish its in vivo efficacy and therapeutic potential.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme/receptor binding (non-cellular) assays for Eleutheroside B1 are not standard pharmacological assays, as the compound is a natural product with antiviral activity mediated through multiple mechanisms. However, binding studies may be performed to investigate its interaction with POLR2A or glycosylation-related enzymes. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) or isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) could be employed to measure binding affinities between Eleutheroside B1 and its putative protein targets. Enzyme activity assays may be conducted using purified glycosyltransferases or other enzymes involved in N-glycosylation pathways. Additionally, the compound's antioxidant properties may be assessed using cell-free assays such as DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS, or FRAP assays to quantify its free radical neutralizing capacity.
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| Cell Assay |
RT-PCR[1]
Cell Types: Virus-infected A549 cells Tested Concentrations: 100 µg/ml Incubation Duration: 24 hrs (hours) Experimental Results: diminished expression of host genes (MAN2A2, POLR2A) and viral genes (PA, PB1, PB2, HA) . In vitro cellular experiments with Eleutheroside B1 are performed using A549 human lung epithelial cells or other susceptible cell lines. Cells are cultured in appropriate medium (e.g., DMEM with 10% FBS) and treated with Eleutheroside B1 at concentrations such as 100 µg/mL for 24 hours. Following treatment, mRNA expression of host genes (MAN2A2, POLR2A) and virus genes (PA, PB1, PB2, HA) is analyzed by RT-qPCR. Cytotoxicity is assessed using MTT or CellTiter-Glo assays to determine the compound's safety profile. For antiviral efficacy studies, cells are infected with influenza virus and treated with varying concentrations of the compound. Viral replication is quantified by measuring viral RNA levels, viral protein expression, or viral titers. The compound exhibits low cytotoxicity, making it a promising candidate for antiviral research. |
| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies with Eleutheroside B1 have not been extensively reported in the available literature. As a natural product with immunomodulatory and antiviral properties, it would be expected to be evaluated in mouse models of influenza virus infection. In such studies, mice are infected with influenza virus via intranasal inoculation and treated with Eleutheroside B1 via oral or intraperitoneal administration at various doses. Efficacy is assessed by survival rates, weight loss, viral burden in lung tissues, and histopathological examination of lung inflammation. Immunomodulatory effects may be evaluated by measuring cytokine and chemokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum. The compound's ability to enhance host antiviral immune responses would be a key endpoint in these studies.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of Eleutheroside B1 are not extensively characterized. The compound has a molecular weight of 384.33, a coumarin glycoside structure, and is soluble in DMSO at 75 mg/mL. Its predicted water solubility is 4.98 g/L. As a glycoside, Eleutheroside B1 may be hydrolyzed in the gastrointestinal tract or liver to release the aglycone (isofraxidin), which could be the active form. The compound appears as a white to off-white solid. Storage recommendations: powder at -20°C for up to 3 years; in solvent at -80°C for 1 year. For in vivo administration, the compound can be formulated using appropriate vehicles such as DMSO, PEG300, Tween 80, and saline. Detailed pharmacokinetic parameters require further investigation from primary research publications.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological information for Eleutheroside B1 indicates that the compound exhibits low cytotoxicity in cell-based assays. As a naturally occurring compound found in Siberian ginseng, it is generally considered to have a favorable safety profile. Standard safety precautions for handling research chemicals apply, including use of personal protective equipment (gloves, safety goggles, lab coat) and working in a well-ventilated area. The compound should be stored at 4°C, sealed, away from moisture and light. Eleutheroside B1 is for research use only and is not approved for clinical use in humans. The compound's resistance mechanisms include metabolic detoxification and ABC transporter upregulation that reduce intracellular levels; common mutations include increased GST activity and transporter expression.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
There have been reports that eleutheroside B1 exists in Acanthopanax senticosus, and relevant data are available for reference.
Eleutheroside B1 (CAS 16845-16-2) is a coumarin glycoside naturally found in Eleutherococcus senticosus (Siberian ginseng) roots. The compound has molecular formula C₁₇H₂₀O₁₀ and molecular weight 384.33. Also known as Isofraxidin-7-O-α-D-glucoside, it exhibits broad-spectrum anti-human influenza virus efficacy with low cytotoxicity. Eleutheroside B1 mediates its anti-influenza activity through POLR2A and N-glycosylation pathways and inhibits the mRNA expression of chemokine genes and the influenza nucleoprotein (NP) gene. The compound appears as a white to off-white solid with purity ≥98% and is soluble in DMSO at 75 mg/mL. Storage: powder at -20°C for 3 years; in solvent at -80°C for 1 year. Eleutheroside B1 is for research use only and not approved for therapeutic applications. |
| Molecular Formula |
C17H20O10
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| Molecular Weight |
384.334706306458
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| Exact Mass |
384.106
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| CAS # |
16845-16-2
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| PubChem CID |
12302278
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| LogP |
-0.3
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
10
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
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| Heavy Atom Count |
27
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| Complexity |
554
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
5
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| SMILES |
COC1=C(C(=C2C(=C1)C=CC(=O)O2)OC)O[C@@H]3[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O3)CO)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
IKUQEFGEUOOPGY-FMKPUTLISA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C17H20O10/c1-23-8-5-7-3-4-10(19)26-14(7)16(24-2)15(8)27-17-13(22)12(21)11(20)9(6-18)25-17/h3-5,9,11-13,17-18,20-22H,6H2,1-2H3/t9-,11-,12+,13-,17-/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
6,8-dimethoxy-7-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-2-one
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.6019 mL | 13.0097 mL | 26.0193 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5204 mL | 2.6019 mL | 5.2039 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2602 mL | 1.3010 mL | 2.6019 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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