| Targets |
DL-Homocystine is a metabolite and a mutagen secreted by Fusobacterium nucleatum; homocysteine, its reduced monomer, is recognized as an important substance in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of schizophrenia and hyperhomocysteinemia-related disorders.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In vitro studies demonstrate that DL-Homocystine and homocysteine can induce cellular stress and have been implicated in various pathological conditions; DL-Homocystine is used as a research tool to study homocysteine metabolism and its effects on cellular function.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, hyperhomocysteinemia induces tissue-specific accumulation of homocysteine in bone by collagen binding, adversely affecting bone health; DL-Homocystine serves as a model compound for studying homocysteine-related pathologies in animal models.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The in vitro enzyme assay for homocysteine metabolism involves incubating DL-Homocystine with homocysteine-metabolizing enzymes such as methionine synthase or cystathionine β-synthase, measuring the conversion of homocysteine to methionine or cystathionine using HPLC or LC-MS/MS, with kinetic parameters determined from substrate concentration curves.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell culture studies utilize various cell lines (e.g., neuronal cells, endothelial cells, osteoblasts) treated with DL-Homocystine or homocysteine at concentrations relevant to hyperhomocysteinemia (50-500 μM), assessing cell viability, oxidative stress markers (ROS, glutathione), apoptosis, and gene expression changes related to homocysteine metabolism and toxicity.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments involve dietary or genetic induction of hyperhomocysteinemia in rodents (e.g., methionine-rich diet or cystathionine β-synthase knockout mice), with administration of DL-Homocystine to study its effects on bone density, cognitive function, vascular health, and assessment of tissue homocysteine levels via HPLC.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
DL-Homocystine is a solid compound with a melting point >300°C, recommended for long-term storage in a cool, dry place below 15°C; it is sparingly soluble in water and more soluble in acidic or basic solutions, with purity typically ≥98% (HPLC).
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological studies indicate that elevated homocysteine levels are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and bone disorders; DL-Homocystine itself is a research compound, and its toxicity is related to the biological effects of homocysteine accumulation.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Homocysteine is an organic disulfide obtained by the oxidative dimerization of homocysteine. It is a human metabolic product and also a zwitterion of homocysteine. DL-homocysteine has been reported to exist in Homo sapiens and Trypanosoma brevicornu, and relevant data are available for reference.
DL-Homocystine is a research compound used in studies of homocysteine metabolism, schizophrenia pathophysiology, and hyperhomocysteinemia-related disorders; it serves as a reference standard for analytical chemistry and a tool for investigating the role of homocysteine in disease pathogenesis. |
| Molecular Formula |
C8H16N2O4S2
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
268.3536
|
| Exact Mass |
268.055
|
| CAS # |
870-93-9
|
| PubChem CID |
10010
|
| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.4±0.1 g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
507.6±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
|
| Melting Point |
≥300 °C
|
| Flash Point |
260.8±30.1 °C
|
| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±2.8 mmHg at 25°C
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.619
|
| LogP |
1.03
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
8
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
9
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
16
|
| Complexity |
216
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| InChi Key |
ZTVZLYBCZNMWCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C8H16N2O4S2/c9-5(7(11)12)1-3-15-16-4-2-6(10)8(13)14/h5-6H,1-4,9-10H2,(H,11,12)(H,13,14)
|
| Chemical Name |
2-amino-4-[(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)disulfanyl]butanoic acid
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~10 mg/mL (~37.26 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.7265 mL | 18.6324 mL | 37.2648 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7453 mL | 3.7265 mL | 7.4530 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3726 mL | 1.8632 mL | 3.7265 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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