| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 500mg |
|
| Targets |
Microbial Metabolite; Endogenous Metabolite; Flavoring Agents; Alters several flavor and/or taste characteristics; Food additives; Fragrance Ingredients; Cosmetics -> Buffering; Environmental transformation -> Pesticide transformation products (metabolite, successor)
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
Succinic acid is considered as an important platform chemical. Succinic acid fermentation with Actinobacillus succinogenes strain BE-1 was optimized by central composite design (CCD) using a response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized production of succinic acid was predicted and the interactive effects between glucose, yeast extract, and magnesium carbonate were investigated. As a result, a model for predicting the concentration of succinic acid production was developed. The accuracy of the model was confirmed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the validity was further proved by verification experiments showing that percentage errors between actual and predicted values varied from 3.02% to 6.38%. In addition, it was observed that the interactive effect between yeast extract and magnesium carbonate was statistically significant. In conclusion, RSM is an effective and useful method for optimizing the medium components and investigating the interactive effects, and can provide valuable information for succinic acid scale-up fermentation using A. succinogenes strain BE-1[1].
|
| ln Vivo |
Male mice that are given succinic acid (3, 6 mg/kg; oral) have higher percentages of entrances into the open arm and longer durations there [3]. Food intake was considerably enhanced by succinic acid (3, 6, 12 mg/kg; ip) between 5 and 40 minutes after delivery. Rectal temperature was taken, and 1.5 mg/kg of succinic acid was found to prevent stress-induced hyperthermia [3].
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| Animal Protocol |
The putative anxiolytic activity of succinic acid was examined in male mice by using a number of experimental paradigms of anxiety and compared with that of the known anxiolytic compound diazepam. Use of the elevated plus-maze test revealed that diazepam (1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg, PO) or succinic acid (3.0 or 6.0 mg/kg, PO) increased the percentage of entries into open arms and of time spent on open arms. In novel food consumption test, succinic acid (3.0, 6.0, and 12.0 mg/kg, IP) caused significant increases in food intake during 5 min when compared with the vehicle. In the stress-induced hyperthermia test, 40 min after drug administration rectal temperature was measured, succinic acid at dose of 1.5 mg/kg, inhibited stress-induced hyperthermia. Thus, these findings indicated that, in contrast with diazepam, succinic acid exhibits anxiolytic-like effect.[3]
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Absorption, Distribution, and Excretion
Succinic acid is normally present in human urine (1.9-8.8 mg/L). Metabolism/Metabolites Succinic acid is a normal intermediate metabolite and a component of the citric acid cycle. When administered to animals, it is readily metabolized, but in large doses, some succinic acid may be excreted unchanged in the urine. Succinic acid can be oxidized to fumarate by succinate dehydrogenase. Pesticide Transformation Succinic acid is a known environmental transformation product of sulfadiazine. Succinic acid is a known environmental transformation product of linuron. |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The intravenous LD50 in mice was 4500 mg/kg. Merck Index: Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals and Biologicals, 11th Edition, Raway, NJ 07065, Merck, Inc., 1989, 11(1368), 1989.
Toxicity Overview Succinate inhibits the activity of α-ketoglutarate-dependent oxygenases (KDMs) and TET family 5-methylcytosine (5mC) hydroxylases. Succinate also mediates allosteric inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs). Inhibition of HIF PHDs activates HIF-mediated pseudohypoxia responses, while inhibition of KDMs and TET family 5mC hydroxylases leads to epigenetic alterations, ultimately resulting in cancer. FH deficiency leads to KEAP1 succinylation, which in turn activates the NRF2-mediated antioxidant defense pathway, creating a reducing environment that promotes cell proliferation. Succinylation of the Krebs cycle enzyme Aco2 impairs aconitase activity in Fh1-deficient MEF cells. Succinylation also leads to irreversible inactivation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Health Effects Succinate can irritate the skin at acute doses or exposure. Long-term high doses of succinate can cause succinylation or desuccinylation of multiple enzymes. Partial deficiency of succinate dehydrogenase in skeletal muscle (15% to 50% of normal reference enzyme activity) leads to elevated succinate levels and causes mitochondrial myopathy, resulting in a variety of symptoms such as brain involvement, cardiomyopathy, and/or exercise intolerance. Routes of Exposure Eye contact, inhalation, ingestion. Symptoms Acute exposure: Clinical symptoms of acute poisoning include weakness and diarrhea. Adverse Reactions Neurotoxins - Other Central Nervous System Neurotoxins View MoreToxicity Data Treatment Eyes: Rinse open eyes with running water for several minutes. Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never feed anything to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical attention. Skin: Immediately rinse affected area with cold water for at least 15 minutes, then wash thoroughly with soap and water. If necessary, the patient should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and must then seek medical attention. Inhalation: Provide fresh air. If necessary, perform artificial respiration. Human Toxicity Excerpt /Other Toxicity Information/ Many aliphatic dicarboxylic acids have major irritant effects, especially in concentrated solutions or dust—sensitization is rare. /Aliphatic Dicarboxylic Acids/ International Labour Organization. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, Volumes 1 and 2. New York: McGraw-Hill Books, 1971, p. 30. Non-Human Toxicity Excerpt/Laboratory Animals: Acute Exposure/Succinic acid is mildly irritating to the skin and strongly irritating to the eyes of rats. A 15% solution of 750 micrograms of succinic acid caused severe damage to the eyes of rabbits. Clinical symptoms of acute poisoning in rats were weakness and diarrhea. /Laboratory Animals: Acute Exposure/ High-dose intravenous administration of sodium succinate can cause vomiting and diarrhea in cats… /Experimental Animals: Subchronic or Pre-chronic Exposure/ Rats/Fischer (F344) Males and Females, 10 rats per group/Exposed to/ 13 weeks, free access to/0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10% sodium succinate (100.2% purity). …The weight gain of rats in the 10% group was severely inhibited, and all rats in this group died within the first 4 weeks of the experiment. However, all rats in the other dose groups survived to the end of the experiment. Inhibition of weight gain was observed at concentrations ≥2.5%. Water intake was very low in the highest dose group, although water intake was higher in the 5% group than in the other groups. No dose-related specific changes were observed in any parameters of hematological and biochemical assays. Rats that died during the experiment were severely emaciated. However, despite the observation of organ atrophy, histopathological examination did not reveal any toxic lesions caused by the test substance in any organs of these rats. No specific lesions were observed in histological examination of any other experimental groups. Based on the weight loss inhibition, the maximum tolerated dose of sodium monosuccinate in drinking water was determined to be approximately 2-2.5%. Non-human toxicity values Oral LD50 in rats: 2260 mg/kg |
| References |
|
| Additional Infomation |
Anhydrous sodium succinate is the disodium salt of succinic acid. Sodium succinate hexahydrate is used as a topical ingredient in medications for the treatment of cataracts. It contains the succinate ion (2-).
See also: Succinic acid (with active moiety). |
| Molecular Formula |
C4H4NA2O4
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
162.05
|
| Exact Mass |
161.99
|
| Elemental Analysis |
C, 29.65; H, 2.49; Na, 28.37; O, 39.49
|
| CAS # |
150-90-3
|
| PubChem CID |
9020
|
| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
|
| Flash Point |
110.9ºC
|
| Vapour Pressure |
0.0165mmHg at 25°C
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
10
|
| Complexity |
81.6
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| InChi Key |
ZDQYSKICYIVCPN-UHFFFAOYSA-L
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C4H6O4.2Na/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8;;/h1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8);;/q;2*+1/p-2
|
| Chemical Name |
disodium;butanedioate
|
| Synonyms |
CCRIS-3700; Disodium succinate; 150-90-3; SODIUM SUCCINATE; Disodium butanedioate; Succinic acid disodium salt; Butanedioic acid, disodium salt; FEMA No. 3277; Sodium succinate dibasic; CCRIS 3700; Butanedioic acid, disodium salt
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 6.1709 mL | 30.8547 mL | 61.7093 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.2342 mL | 6.1709 mL | 12.3419 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.6171 mL | 3.0855 mL | 6.1709 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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