| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Diglycyl-histidine targets copper ions (Cu(II)) through its histidine residue, which provides a coordination site for metal binding. The tripeptide is designed to mimic the Cu(II) binding site found on serum albumin, specifically the ascorbate transport site. By complexing with cupric ions, the compound can modulate copper availability and redox activity. The histidine residue at the C-terminus serves as the primary metal coordination site, while the glycine residues provide flexibility and spacing. This peptide-metal complex has been studied for its antioxidant properties and potential role in copper homeostasis.
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| ln Vitro |
Commercial ergot supplements have been made from amino acids and their derivatives. They affect the release of anabolic hormones, the availability of fuel for activity, the ability to think clearly under pressure, and the prevention of muscular damage brought on by exertion. They are regarded as advantageous synergistic food ingredients [1].
In vitro, Diglycyl-histidine demonstrates copper-binding activity and antioxidant properties. The tripeptide forms stable complexes with Cu(II) ions, mimicking the copper transport function of albumin. In biochemical assays, the compound exhibits antioxidant activity by chelating redox-active copper ions and preventing copper-catalyzed oxidative damage. The peptide's ability to bind copper has been characterized using spectroscopic techniques including UV-Vis and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The compound's metal-binding affinity and stoichiometry have been determined in solution-phase binding studies. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Diglycyl-histidine has been studied for its potential to modulate copper metabolism and reduce oxidative stress. The tripeptide's ability to mimic albumin's copper transport site suggests it could influence copper distribution and bioavailability in biological systems. However, detailed in vivo efficacy data are limited, as the compound is primarily used as a research tool for studying metal-peptide interactions. The compound's potential therapeutic applications in conditions involving copper dysregulation or oxidative stress require further investigation.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme/receptor binding assays for Diglycyl-histidine typically involve metal-binding studies rather than traditional receptor binding assays. The compound's interaction with Cu(II) ions is characterized using isothermal titration calorimetry, UV-Vis spectroscopy, or electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Binding affinity and stoichiometry are determined by titrating the peptide with copper ions and monitoring spectral changes. Competition studies with other metal ions (Zn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Ca²⁺) are conducted to assess metal selectivity. The peptide's ability to inhibit copper-catalyzed oxidation reactions is evaluated using biochemical assays.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays for Diglycyl-histidine utilize cell lines to assess its effects on copper homeostasis and oxidative stress. Cells are treated with the peptide at concentrations ranging from 10 to 500 µM, and copper uptake and distribution are measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy or fluorescent copper probes. Antioxidant activity is assessed by measuring reactive oxygen species levels using fluorescent dyes such as DCFH-DA. Cell viability is evaluated using MTT or LDH release assays. The peptide's effects on copper-dependent enzymes and signaling pathways can be assessed by Western blotting or activity assays.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments for Diglycyl-histidine are limited due to the compound's primary use as a research tool. When studied in animal models, the compound is typically administered via intraperitoneal or intravenous injection. Effects on copper metabolism and oxidative stress biomarkers are assessed in blood and tissues. The peptide's distribution and clearance are evaluated to understand its pharmacokinetic properties. However, comprehensive in vivo efficacy studies have not been extensively reported, and the compound remains primarily a tool for in vitro research.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic data for Diglycyl-histidine are limited, as the compound is primarily used as a research chemical rather than a drug candidate. As a small tripeptide, the compound is expected to be susceptible to proteolytic degradation in biological fluids. The peptide's absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion have not been extensively characterized. Its stability in plasma and other biological matrices would be an important consideration for any potential therapeutic application. Further pharmacokinetic studies would be needed to support in vivo use.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicity data for Diglycyl-histidine are limited. As a naturally occurring peptide analog, the compound is expected to have low toxicity, though comprehensive toxicology studies have not been conducted. The compound's safety profile has not been established for therapeutic use. Standard safety precautions should be followed when handling the compound in research settings. The peptide is intended for research use only and is not approved for human therapeutic applications.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Gly-Gly-His is an oligopeptide.
See also: diglycylhistidine (note moved to). Diglycyl-histidine (H-Gly-Gly-His-OH) is a synthetic tripeptide that complexes with cupric ions, mimicking the Cu(II) transport site of ascorbate on albumin. It has a molecular formula of C10H15N5O4 and a molecular weight of 269.26 g/mol. The compound is used in research applications studying metal-peptide interactions, copper homeostasis, and antioxidant mechanisms. It is intended for research use only and is not approved for human therapeutic applications. |
| Molecular Formula |
C10H15N5O4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
269.26
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| Exact Mass |
269.112
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| CAS # |
7451-76-5
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| PubChem CID |
6992501
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| Density |
1.44
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| LogP |
-4.5
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
5
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
7
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| Heavy Atom Count |
19
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| Complexity |
349
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
O=C(O)[C@@H](NC(CNC(CN)=O)=O)CC1=CN=CN1
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| InChi Key |
PDAWDNVHMUKWJR-ZETCQYMHSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C10H15N5O4/c11-2-8(16)13-4-9(17)15-7(10(18)19)1-6-3-12-5-14-6/h3,5,7H,1-2,4,11H2,(H,12,14)(H,13,16)(H,15,17)(H,18,19)/t7-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S)-2-[[2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]acetyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoic acid
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| Synonyms |
Diglycyl-histidine Glycylglycyl-L-histidine Gly-gly-his
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.7139 mL | 18.5694 mL | 37.1388 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7428 mL | 3.7139 mL | 7.4278 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3714 mL | 1.8569 mL | 3.7139 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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