Dicyclomine (diceverine) (ip; 8 mg/kg; daily) increased cognitive impairment in all tests. In addition, memory impairment in dicyclomine-treated 3xTg-AD mice was more severe compared with dicyclomine-treated NonTg mice [2]. Dicyclooverine (ip; 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg/kg; 7 days) produced extremely significant impacts on performance of the paired-associate learning (PAL) test in mice. Lower doses of systemic therapy indicated behavioral impairment in mice during spatial tests [3].

Animal/Disease Models: C57Bl/6 mice [1]
Doses: 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg/kg
Route of Administration: intraperitoneal (ip) injection; daily; 7 days
Experimental Results: Damage due to factors other than the hippocampus.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
The bioavailability of dicyclohexylamine has not been determined, but it is likely well absorbed due to its primary route of excretion being urine. The time to peak concentration (Tmax) of dicyclohexylamine is 1–1.5 hours. 79.5% of dicyclohexylamine is excreted in urine and 8.4% in feces. The volume of distribution for a 20 mg oral dose is 3.65 L/kg. Data on the clearance of dicyclohexylamine are not yet available. Metabolism/Metabolites Metabolism studies of dicyclohexylamine are insufficient. Biological Half-Life The mean plasma elimination half-life is approximately 1.8 hours.

Hepatotoxicity
As with other anticholinergic drugs, dicyclohexylamine has not been found to be associated with elevated liver enzymes or clinically significant liver injury. The metabolic pathway of dicyclohexylamine is not well understood, but it is likely metabolized in the liver. For references on the safety and potential hepatotoxicity of anticholinergic drugs, please see the "Overview of Anticholinergic Drugs" section. Drug Category: Anticholinergic Drugs

---

Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation
◉ Overview of Use During Lactation Studies on the use of dicyclohexylamine during lactation are insufficient. However, there has been a report of a nursing infant experiencing apnea, with a response similar to that of an infant who received the drug directly. Dicyclohexylamine should not be used by breastfeeding women. ◉ Effects on Nursing Infants As of the revision date, no relevant published information was found. The manufacturer reported a case of apnea in a breastfed infant while the mother was receiving dicyclohexylamine treatment. Dicyclohexylamine may have been the cause of this reaction.
◉ Effects on Lactation and Breast Milk
As of the revision date, no published information was found regarding lactating women. Anticholinergic drugs can inhibit lactation in animals, possibly by suppressing the secretion of growth hormone and oxytocin. Anticholinergic drugs can also lower serum prolactin levels in non-lactating women. Prolactin levels in established lactating mothers may not affect their ability to breastfeed.

---

Protein Binding
There are currently no data on the plasma protein binding of dicyclohexylamine.

---

Interactions
...Anticholinergic drugs, such as...dicyclohexylamine...are expected to interact with digoxin...

[1]. M1 Receptors Play a Central Role in Modulating AD-like Pathology in Transgenic Mice. 2006 Mar 2;49(5):671-82.doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.020.

[2]. M1 Receptors Play a Central Role in Modulating AD-like Pathology in Transgenic Mice. 2006 Mar 2;49(5):671-82.doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.020.

[3]. A Computer-Automated Touchscreen Paired-Associates Learning (PAL) Task for Mice: Impairments Following Administration of Scopolamine or Dicyclomine and Improvements Following Donepezil.Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2011 Mar;214(2):537-48.

Dicyclomine is an ester formed by the condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. It is an anticholinergic drug, and its hydrochloride salt is used to treat or prevent gastrointestinal muscle spasms, particularly those associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). It acts as a muscarinic receptor antagonist, antispasmodic, and parasympathetic blocker. It is a tertiary amine and carboxylic acid ester. Its function is related to 2-diethylaminoethanol and 1,1'-bis(cyclohexyl)-1-carboxylic acid. Dicyclomine is a muscarinic M1, M3, and M2 receptor antagonist and a non-competitive inhibitor of histamine and bradykinin, used to treat functional bowel disorders and intestinal spasms caused by IBS. Although dicyclohexylamine is still widely used, its recommendations are likely based on limited evidence, and therefore its prescription rate is declining. Dicyclohexylamine was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on May 11, 1950. Dicyclohexylamine is an anticholinergic drug. Its mechanism of action is as a cholinergic antagonist. Dicyclohexylamine is an anticholinergic drug used to treat gastrointestinal disorders such as acidosis and irritable bowel syndrome. Dicyclohexylamine does not cause elevated liver enzymes or clinically significant acute liver injury. Dicyclohexylamine is a carboxylic acid derivative and a selective anticholinergic drug with antispasmodic effects. Dicyclohexylamine blocks the binding of acetylcholine to muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle. This drug has a direct relaxant effect on smooth muscle, thus preventing gastrointestinal muscle spasms, inhibiting gastrointestinal propulsion, reducing gastric acid secretion, and controlling excessive secretions from the pharynx, trachea, and bronchi. It is a muscarinic receptor antagonist and can be used as an antispasmodic and to treat urinary incontinence. It has minimal effects on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It has some local anesthetic effects and is used to treat spasms of the gastrointestinal tract, biliary tract, and urinary tract. See also: Dicyclohexylamine hydrochloride (salt form). Drug Indications Bicyclic amine is indicated for the treatment of functional bowel disorders and irritable bowel syndrome. FDA Label Mechanism of Action Bicyclic amine's mechanism of action is partly through direct inhibition of the antimuscarinic activity of M1, M3, and M2 receptors, and partly through antagonism of bradykinin and histamine. Bicyclic amine non-competitively inhibits the effects of bradykinin and histamine, thereby acting directly on smooth muscle and reducing the intensity of ileal spasms. Its primary effect appears to be a non-specific, direct relaxation of smooth muscle, rather than competitive antagonism of acetylcholine. Therapeutic Uses Muscarinic antagonist; parasympathetic blocker. Often classified as an "antispasmodic," it is not actually an antimuscarinic drug. ...Bicycloamine hydrochloride, VSP-DECR, relieves spasms of the gastrointestinal tract, biliary tract, ureter, and uterus without producing typical atropine-like effects on the salivary glands, sweat glands, gastric glands, eyes, and cardiovascular system.../HCL/
It reduces intestinal motility but does not inhibit gastric acid secretion. It is used to treat irritable bowel syndrome, spastic constipation, mucinous colitis, spastic colitis, pyloric spasm, and biliary motility disorders. In the treatment of peptic ulcers, it is used to delay gastric emptying. /Hydrochloride/
Anticholinergic/Hydrochloride/

---

Drug Warnings
Bicycloamine should be used with caution in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, bladder neck obstruction, pyloric obstruction, and pyloric spasm. Although it does not appear to increase intraocular pressure in patients with narrow-angle glaucoma, monitoring of intraocular pressure in such patients is recommended.
The clinical use of phenytoin sodium (Bentyl) has been disappointing. A three-year-old boy suffered a tonic-clonic seizure after accidentally ingesting approximately 100 phenytoin sodium tablets, followed by cardiac arrest. Analysis revealed high levels of doxylamine, bicyclic amine, and pyridoxine. Doxylamine appears to be the toxic component.
Pharmacodynamics
Bicyclic amine is an anticholinergic drug used to relax intestinal smooth muscle. Because it is usually taken four times daily, 20-40 mg orally or 10-20 mg intramuscularly, its duration of action is not particularly long. Bicyclic amine should not be administered intravenously.

C19H35NO2

309.267

77-19-0

Dicyclomine hydrochloride;67-92-5;Dicyclomine-d4

3042

Typically exists as solid at room temperature

165-166

4.402

0

3

8

22

326

0

CCN(CC)CCOC(=O)C1(CCCCC1)C2CCCCC2

CURUTKGFNZGFSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C19H35NO2/c1-3-20(4-2)15-16-22-18(21)19(13-9-6-10-14-19)17-11-7-5-8-12-17/h17H,3-16H2,1-2H3

2-(diethylamino)ethyl 1-cyclohexylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

---

Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

View More

Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

---

Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

View More

Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

---

Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

---

 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)