| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg |
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| 500mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
DHQ exhibits activity against multiple targets. It is an inducer of the ATPase activity of herpes simplex virus (HSV) thymidine kinase. It also inhibits the binding of [3H]DCKA to the NMDA receptor in rat brain membranes with an IC50 of 9800.0 nM and inhibits [3H]glycine binding at the NMDA receptor glycine site. DHQ shows binding affinity (Kb = 16500.0 nM) towards the glycine site of the NMDA receptor. It also shows inhibition of [3H]AMPA binding to AMPA receptors with low affinity (Ki > 100,000 nM). Additionally, DHQ inhibits human JMJD2E and the malarial parasite plastid, and acts as an agonist of the mutation responsible for Fibrous Dysplasia/McCune-Albright Syndrome.
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| ln Vitro |
At λex/λem = 328/414 nm, 2,3-Dihydroxyquinoxaline (DHQX) exhibits intense fluorescence [1].
In vitro, DHQ exhibits diverse bioactivities. It is a fluorescent reagent with intense fluorescence at λex/λem = 328/414 nm. It inhibits D-amino acid oxidase in porcine kidney homogenate with an IC50 of 33600.0 nM. DHQ also shows dose-dependent inhibition of TPA-induced Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation in human Raji cells, while also displaying cytotoxicity at higher concentrations. It has an inhibitory effect on Cryptosporidium hominis TS-DHFR and on HIV-1 subtype B reverse transcriptase. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, DHQ's role as an inducer of HSV thymidine kinase ATPase activity suggests potential antiviral applications. However, detailed in vivo studies are limited. The compound's diverse in vitro activities suggest it may have various effects in vivo, but further research is needed to explore its pharmacokinetics and efficacy in animal models.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro receptor binding assays for DHQ have been performed to characterize its activity. Studies have measured its inhibition of [3H]DCKA binding to the NMDA receptor (IC50 = 9800.0 nM) and [3H]glycine binding at the NMDA receptor glycine site. Its binding affinity to the NMDA receptor glycine site (Kb = 16500.0 nM) has also been determined. These assays typically use membrane preparations from rat brain and radiolabeled ligands.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell-based assays for DHQ involve treating various cell lines with the compound and measuring its effects on cell viability, viral enzyme activity, and other endpoints. Human Raji cells have been used to study its inhibition of TPA-induced Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation. Cytotoxicity is also assessed at higher concentrations. These studies help elucidate the compound's mechanism of action and its potential as an antiviral or anticancer agent.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for DHQ are limited. The compound is primarily used as a research tool in vitro. Its diverse bioactivities suggest potential for in vivo studies in models of viral infection, cancer, and neurological disorders. Further research is needed to explore its pharmacokinetics and efficacy in animal models.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
DHQ has a molecular weight of 162.15 g/mol and a molecular formula of C8H6N2O2. It has a melting point of 300°C and a boiling point of 470.9°C. The compound is soluble in DMSO. For storage, the powder should be kept at -20°C for up to 3 years or at 4°C for up to 2 years; in solution, it can be stored at -80°C for 6 months or at -20°C for 1 month.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicological profile of DHQ has not been extensively characterized. As a research compound, it should be handled with appropriate safety precautions. Its use is limited to research applications.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
DHQ is a research compound with no approved human therapeutic use. It is a versatile compound with applications as a fluorescent reagent for detecting trace metals, as an inducer of HSV thymidine kinase ATPase activity, and as an intermediate in the synthesis of various pharmaceutical compounds. Its diverse bioactivities make it a valuable tool for studying NMDA receptor function, viral enzymes, and other biological targets.
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| Molecular Formula |
C8H6N2O2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
162.1454
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| Exact Mass |
162.043
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| CAS # |
15804-19-0
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| PubChem CID |
27491
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.336g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
470.9ºC at 760mmHg
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| Melting Point |
300ºC
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| Flash Point |
238.6ºC
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| Vapour Pressure |
0mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.762
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| LogP |
0.216
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
2
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
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| Heavy Atom Count |
12
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| Complexity |
203
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
ABJFBJGGLJVMAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C8H6N2O2/c11-7-8(12)10-6-4-2-1-3-5(6)9-7/h1-4H,(H,9,11)(H,10,12)
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| Chemical Name |
1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 6.1671 mL | 30.8356 mL | 61.6713 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.2334 mL | 6.1671 mL | 12.3343 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.6167 mL | 3.0836 mL | 6.1671 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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