| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
D-Kynurenine targets the G protein-coupled receptor GPR109B, where it acts as an agonist. It also activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). It is a substrate for D-amino acid oxidase fluorescence analysis. Its role in the kynurenine pathway makes it relevant for studies of metabolism and immune regulation.
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| ln Vitro |
In lung cancer cell line 95D, metastasis is positively regulated by D-kynurenine (10, 40, 60, and 100 µM), and metastasis is decreased following treatment with siRNAAhr. There was a noticeable increase in VIM expression when D-kynurenine (10 and 40 µM) was present. Levels of E-cadherin are considerably lowered by 10 µM D-kynurenine. Treatment with siRNAAhr also significantly reduced alterations in VIM and E-cadherin induced by 10 µM D-kynurenine. D-kynurenine can indeed activate Ahr, as evidenced by the following: 10 µM D-kynurenine produces increased Ahr nuclear translocation, 10 µM D-kynurenine promotes CYP1A1 upregulation, and 10/40/60/100 µM D-kynurenine induces DER-enhanced fluorescein Enzymatic activity[4].
D-Kynurenine exhibits in vitro activity as a GPR109B agonist and as an activator of AHR. It promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer cells. It positively regulates the metastasis of 95D lung cancer cells. These in vitro activities confirm its utility as a research tool for studying GPR109B and AHR signaling, as well as cancer metastasis. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, D-kynurenine is a metabolite of D-tryptophan and is involved in the kynurenine pathway. Its levels in biological fluids can be measured to assess tryptophan metabolism. Its role in promoting EMT and metastasis suggests potential implications for cancer progression.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro receptor binding assays for D-kynurenine involve measuring its activity at GPR109B. These assays use cells expressing GPR109B and measure receptor activation via calcium flux or cAMP accumulation. AHR activation is assessed using reporter gene assays or by measuring the expression of AHR target genes (e.g., CYP1A1).
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays for D-kynurenine are conducted in cancer cell lines, such as 95D lung cancer cells. Cells are treated with the compound at various concentrations (e.g., 10, 40, 60, and 100 µM), and cell migration, invasion, and EMT markers are assessed. AHR activation is confirmed by siRNA knockdown experiments.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments with D-kynurenine are not extensively documented. Its role in promoting EMT and metastasis could be studied in mouse models of cancer, where it would be administered, and tumor metastasis would be assessed.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
D-Kynurenine has a molecular weight of 208.21 and a molecular formula of C10H12N2O3. It is soluble in water and organic solvents. Its pharmacokinetic properties are related to its role as a metabolite; it is derived from D-tryptophan and is metabolized via the kynurenine pathway. The compound is typically stored at -20°C.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Comprehensive toxicological data for D-kynurenine are limited. The compound is intended for research use only and is not approved for human therapeutic use. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be followed when handling this compound.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
D-kynurenine is a kynurenine with a D-configuration. It plays a metabolic role in the human body. It is a kynurenine and a D-α-amino acid. It is the enantiomer of L-kynurenine.
D-Kynurenine is a metabolite of D-tryptophan and an agonist for GPR109B. It activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). It can serve as a bioprecursor of kynurenic acid and 3-hydroxykynurenine. It is used in studies of metabolism, immune regulation, and cancer metastasis. |
| Molecular Formula |
C₁₀H₁₂N₂O₃
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
208.21
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| Exact Mass |
208.084
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| CAS # |
13441-51-5
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| PubChem CID |
1152206
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| Appearance |
Light yellow to yellow solid powder
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| Density |
1.3±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
466.6±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
236.0±28.7 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.2 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.626
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| LogP |
1.09
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
4
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| Heavy Atom Count |
15
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| Complexity |
255
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
C1=CC=C(C(=C1)C(=O)C[C@H](C(=O)O)N)N
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| InChi Key |
YGPSJZOEDVAXAB-MRVPVSSYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C10H12N2O3/c11-7-4-2-1-3-6(7)9(13)5-8(12)10(14)15/h1-4,8H,5,11-12H2,(H,14,15)/t8-/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2R)-2-amino-4-(2-aminophenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid
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| Synonyms |
DKynurenine; D Kynurenine
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~5 mg/mL (~24.01 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.8028 mL | 24.0142 mL | 48.0284 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.9606 mL | 4.8028 mL | 9.6057 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4803 mL | 2.4014 mL | 4.8028 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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