| Targets |
Creatine monohydrate targets cellular energy metabolism. It is converted to phosphocreatine, an important factor in the formation of ATP, the source of energy for muscle contraction and many other functions. Creatine phosphate helps provide energy to muscle cells and promotes muscle contraction. By donating phosphate groups, it replenishes ATP stores during energy-demanding processes. Creatine is found in vertebrates where it facilitates recycling of ATP.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, Creatine monohydrate is an amino acid produced in the human body that plays a role in replenishing the energy supply to muscle cells. It is used in cell culture media as a supplement. The compound is a colorless, crystalline substance used in muscle tissue for the production of phosphocreatine. Creatine monohydrate is used in research on cellular energy metabolism and muscle function.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Creatine monohydrate is an endogenous amino acid metabolite that plays important roles in cellular energy, especially in muscles and brain. It functions as a reservoir of high-energy phosphate groups, replenishing ATP stores during intense physical activity. Creatine monohydrate is used as a nutritional supplement in healthcare products. It is found in vertebrates and facilitates ATP recycling.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for Creatine monohydrate involve measuring creatine kinase activity. Creatine kinase catalyzes the reversible transfer of phosphate between creatine and ATP. Enzyme activity is assessed by measuring ATP production or phosphocreatine formation. The compound serves as a substrate in these assays. For cell-based studies, cells are treated with creatine and ATP levels are measured. Assays are performed in appropriate buffer systems with positive controls.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for Creatine monohydrate are conducted in muscle cells and other cell types. Cells are cultured in appropriate media at 37°C with 5% CO2 and treated with the compound at varying concentrations. Cellular energy production is assessed by measuring ATP levels. Muscle cell function is assessed by measuring contraction or energy metabolism. Cell viability is assessed by standard assays. Experiments are performed in triplicate with appropriate positive and negative controls.
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| Animal Protocol |
Creatine monohydrate in vivo studies are conducted in animal models for muscle function and energy metabolism research. Animals are treated with Creatine monohydrate via oral administration or diet. Muscle ATP levels and performance are assessed. For exercise studies, animals are subjected to physical activity and performance is measured. Animals are monitored for clinical signs. Tissues and blood samples are collected for biochemical analysis at study endpoints. Studies are conducted in accordance with institutional animal care guidelines.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Creatine monohydrate (MW 149.15 g/mol, C4H11N3O3) is a white, odorless, crystalline powder that is sparingly soluble in water. It is an endogenous amino acid metabolite. The compound is stable under recommended storage conditions. Creatine monohydrate is used as a dietary supplement. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as half-life, bioavailability, and tissue distribution have been characterized in clinical studies.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Creatine monohydrate is generally recognized as safe as a dietary supplement. The compound is an endogenous amino acid metabolite with established safety profiles. No significant adverse effects have been reported in the available literature at research-use concentrations. The compound is intended for research use only. Standard laboratory safety practices should be employed when handling this compound. Comprehensive toxicological evaluation is available from nutritional and clinical studies.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Creatine monohydrate is the monohydrate form of creatine, similar to or identical to endogenous creatine produced by the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. Creatine phosphate helps provide energy to muscle cells and promotes muscle contraction. After strenuous exercise, when ATP reserves are depleted, creatine phosphate provides phosphate groups for the rapid synthesis of ATP. Dietary creatine supplementation may help improve muscle atrophy caused by cancer and other chronic diseases.
Creatine monohydrate is the monohydrate form of creatine, an endogenous amino acid metabolite that plays important roles in cellular energy, especially in muscles and brain. It functions as a reservoir of high-energy phosphate groups, replenishing ATP stores during intense physical activity. Creatine monohydrate is used as a nutritional supplement. Its molecular formula is C4H11N3O3 with a molecular weight of 149.15 g/mol. All applications are limited to non-human research use. |
| Molecular Formula |
C4H11N3O3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
149.1484
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| Exact Mass |
149.08
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| CAS # |
6020-87-7
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| Related CAS # |
Creatine;57-00-1;Creatine-d5 monohydrate
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| PubChem CID |
80116
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Melting Point |
292 °C (dec.)(lit.)
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
10
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| Complexity |
134
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
MEJYXFHCRXAUIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C4H9N3O2.H2O/c1-7(4(5)6)2-3(8)9;/h2H2,1H3,(H3,5,6)(H,8,9);1H2
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| Chemical Name |
2-[carbamimidoyl(methyl)amino]acetic acid;hydrate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 6.7047 mL | 33.5233 mL | 67.0466 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.3409 mL | 6.7047 mL | 13.4093 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.6705 mL | 3.3523 mL | 6.7047 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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