| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1mg |
|
||
| 5mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
The primary targets of citreoviridin are not fully defined, but its toxicity is associated with oxidative damage, inflammatory responses, and disruption of cellular metabolism. Citreoviridin induces apoptosis through oxidative damage and inflammatory responses in PC-12 cells. It also inhibits PPAR-alpha, leading to triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes. In rat brain, citreoviridin affects the kinetic constants of acetylcholinesterase and ATPase in synaptosomes and microsomes. The compound's neurotoxicity may be related to altered enzymatic activities and oxidative stress. Its toxic effects result from respiratory and cardiovascular failures leading to central nervous system depression.
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In vitro, citreoviridin induces apoptosis through oxidative damage and inflammatory responses in PC-12 cells. It causes neurotoxicity in nerve cells through oxidative stress and inflammatory mechanisms. Citreoviridin also inhibits PPAR-alpha, leading to triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes. The compound's effects are concentration-dependent, with toxicity observed at micromolar concentrations. It is used in cell-based assays to study the mechanisms of mycotoxin-induced toxicity and to identify potential protective strategies.
|
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, citreoviridin is acutely toxic to animals. In CF#1 mice, it causes catalepsy, hypothermia, and respiratory and cardiovascular failures (apnea, delta EEG waves, sinus arrhythmia, hypotension) leading to central nervous system depression. The oral LD50 in 1-day-old chickens is 37.5 mg/kg. Subcutaneous injection of acute (6 mg/kg) and subacute doses of citreoviridin in rats affects the kinetic constants of acetylcholinesterase and ATPase in brain synaptosomes and microsomes. Citreoviridin also induces triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes in vivo and has been reported to have teratogenic potential in rats.
|
| Enzyme Assay |
Cell-free assays for citreoviridin typically involve assessing its effects on enzyme activities. A common protocol involves incubating the compound with purified enzymes (e.g., acetylcholinesterase, ATPase) or tissue homogenates (e.g., brain synaptosomes, microsomes) and measuring enzyme activity using spectrophotometric or colorimetric methods. For acetylcholinesterase, the activity is measured using Ellman's method, where the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine is monitored by the production of thiocholine, which reacts with DTNB to produce a yellow color. For ATPase, the activity is measured by the release of inorganic phosphate from ATP.
|
| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cellular experiments, cells (e.g., PC-12 cells, hepatocytes) are cultured in appropriate media and treated with citreoviridin at various concentrations (typically 0.1-100 uM). For neurotoxicity studies, PC-12 cells are treated with the compound, and apoptosis is assessed by measuring caspase-3/7 activity, Annexin V/PI staining, or DNA fragmentation. Oxidative stress is assessed by measuring ROS production using fluorescent probes (e.g., DCFH-DA) and lipid peroxidation. Inflammatory responses are assessed by measuring the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. For hepatotoxicity studies, hepatocytes are treated with the compound, and triglyceride accumulation is measured.
|
| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments with citreoviridin typically involve oral or subcutaneous administration in rodents or chickens. A common protocol involves administering the compound at various doses (e.g., 1-50 mg/kg) and observing animals for signs of toxicity. For neurotoxicity studies, behavioral and physiological parameters (e.g., body temperature, catalepsy, EEG, heart rate, blood pressure) are monitored. For teratogenicity studies, pregnant rats are treated with citreoviridin during gestation, and fetal development is assessed. Blood and tissue samples are collected for biochemical analysis and histopathological examination.
|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Citreoviridin has a molecular weight of approximately 400 g/mol. As a mycotoxin, its pharmacokinetic properties are characterized by rapid absorption and distribution to tissues, particularly the brain, where it exerts its neurotoxic effects. The compound is metabolized in the liver and excreted in the bile and urine. Its half-life varies depending on the species and route of administration. The compound is stable in its pure form and should be stored at -20degC. It is soluble in organic solvents such as DMSO and methanol.
|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Citreoviridin is acutely toxic, with an oral LD50 of 37.5 mg/kg in 1-day-old chickens. In mice, it causes catalepsy, hypothermia, and respiratory and cardiovascular failures leading to central nervous system depression. Subacute toxicity in rats affects acetylcholinesterase and ATPase activities in the brain. Citreoviridin also induces triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes and has teratogenic potential in rats. The compound is a potent neurotoxin, hepatotoxin, and developmental toxicant. It should be handled with extreme caution using appropriate personal protective equipment, and its use is strictly for research purposes.
|
| References |
|
| Additional Infomation |
Lemongrass is a type of 2-pyranone compound. It has been reported to exist in Penicillium, Penicillium citrinum, and other organisms with relevant data.
Citreoviridin (CIT) (CAS 25425-12-1) is a toxic mycotoxin produced by fungi such as Penicillium citreonigrum and Aspergillus terreus. It occurs naturally in contaminated rice and corn. Citreoviridin causes neurotoxicity through oxidative damage and inflammatory responses and induces apoptosis in nerve cells. It is acutely toxic to animals, with an oral LD50 of 37.5 mg/kg in chickens. The compound also inhibits PPAR-alpha, leading to triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes, and has teratogenic potential. Citreoviridin is used in research to study mycotoxin toxicity and is not approved for any clinical use. |
| Molecular Formula |
C₂₃H₃₀O₆
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
402.48
|
| Exact Mass |
402.204
|
| CAS # |
25425-12-1
|
| PubChem CID |
6436023
|
| Appearance |
Light yellow to yellow solid powder
|
| Density |
1.2±0.1 g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
585.1±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
|
| Melting Point |
107-111℃
|
| Flash Point |
197.7±23.6 °C
|
| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±3.7 mmHg at 25°C
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.569
|
| LogP |
3.04
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
6
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
29
|
| Complexity |
828
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
4
|
| SMILES |
C[C@@H]1[C@]([C@H]([C@](O1)(C)/C=C(\C)/C=C/C=C/C=C/C2=C(C(=CC(=O)O2)OC)C)O)(C)O
|
| InChi Key |
JLSVDPQAIKFBTO-USJRQALFSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C23H30O6/c1-15(14-22(4)21(25)23(5,26)17(3)29-22)11-9-7-8-10-12-18-16(2)19(27-6)13-20(24)28-18/h7-14,17,21,25-26H,1-6H3/b8-7+,11-9+,12-10+,15-14+
|
| Chemical Name |
2H-Pyran-2-one, 4-methoxy-5-methyl-6-(7-methyl-8-(tetrahydro-3,4-dihydroxy-2,4,5-trimethyl-2-furanyl)-1,3,5,7-octatetraenyl)-
|
| Synonyms |
BRN-5311865Citreoviridin BRN5311865Citreoviridin A BRN 5311865
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.4846 mL | 12.4230 mL | 24.8460 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4969 mL | 2.4846 mL | 4.9692 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2485 mL | 1.2423 mL | 2.4846 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
Copyright 2020 InvivoChem LLC | All Rights Reserved
