β-lactam

Without lessening the antimicrobial effect of Vancomycin, ciplastatin (200 μg/mL; 24 hours; RPTECs) treatment prevents Vancomycin-induced proximal tubule apoptosis and boosts cell viability[2].

Ipenem and cilastatin together protected mice against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a mouse model of systemic infection (female mice, CD-1 strain, 20 g) [3].

Cell Line: Renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs)
Concentration: 200 μg/mL
Incubation Time: 24 hours
Result: Significantly ameliorated Vancomycin-induced nuclear apoptosis.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
According to the official label of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), approximately 70% of cilastatin is excreted in the urine, but published literature reports excretion rates as high as 98%. The volume of distribution of cilastatin is 14.6–20.1 liters. The total clearance of cilastatin is 0.2 liters/hour/kg, and the renal clearance is 0.10–0.16 liters/hour/kg. Biological Half-Life The half-life of cilastatin is approximately 1 hour.

Protein Binding
It has been reported that cilastatin has a plasma protein binding rate of 35-40%.

[1]. Keynan S, et al. The renal membrane dipeptidase (dehydropeptidase I) inhibitor, cilastatin, inhibits the bacterialmetallo-beta-lactamase enzyme CphA. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995 Jul;39(7):1629-31.
[2]. S Keynan, et al. The Renal Membrane Dipeptidase (Dehydropeptidase I) Inhibitor, Cilastatin, Inhibits the Bacterial Metallo-Beta-Lactamase Enzyme CphA. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995 Jul;39(7):1629-31.
[3]. Blanca Humanes, et al. Protective Effects of Cilastatin Against Vancomycin-Induced Nephrotoxicity. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:704382.
[4]. P J Petersen, et al. In Vitro and in Vivo Activities of LJC10,627, a New Carbapenem With Stability to Dehydropeptidase I. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991 Jan;35(1):203-7.

Cilastatin is a thioether formed by the oxidative coupling reaction of the sulfhydryl group of L-cysteine with the 7-position of (2Z)-2-({[(1S)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropyl]carbonyl}amino)hept-2-enoic acid. It is an inhibitor of dehydropeptidase I (membrane dipeptidase, 3.4.13.19), an enzyme located at the brush border of the renal tubules responsible for degrading the antibiotic imipenem. Therefore, cilastatin (in its sodium form) in combination with imipenem prolongs the antibacterial activity of imipenem by preventing its metabolism in the kidneys to inactive and potentially nephrotoxic products. Cilastatin also acts as a leukotriene D4 dipeptidase inhibitor, preventing the metabolism of leukotriene D4 to leukotriene E4. It is a protease inhibitor, EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor, exogenous substance, and environmental pollutant. It is a non-protein L-α-amino acid, L-cysteine derivative, organosulfur compound, and carboxamide. It is the conjugate acid of cilastatin (1-). Cilastatin is an inhibitor of renal dehydropeptidase, an enzyme responsible for the metabolism of thiamethoxam β-lactam antibiotics and the conversion of leukotriene D4 to leukotriene E4. Since the antibiotic imipenem is one of the antibiotics that can be hydrolyzed by dehydropeptidase, cilastatin is used in combination with imipenem to inhibit its metabolism. The first combination formulation containing these two drugs was approved by the FDA in November 1985 under the brand name Primaxin, marketed by Merck. A newer triplet formulation was approved in July 2019 under the brand name Recarbrio, which also contains [relebactam]. Cilastatin is a renal dehydropeptidase inhibitor. The mechanism of action of cilastatin is as a dipeptidase inhibitor. Cilastatin has been reported to be used in cattle and honeybees, and relevant data are available.
Cilastatin is a renal dehydropeptidase-1 and leukotriene D4 dipeptidase inhibitor. Because the antibiotic imipenem is hydrolyzed by dehydropeptidase-1 located at the brush border of the renal tubules, cilastatin is often used in combination with imipenem to enhance its efficacy. This drug also inhibits the metabolism of leukotriene D4 to leukotriene E4.
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Drug Indications

Cilastatin can be used in combination with imipenem, alone or without rebactam, to treat bacterial infections, including respiratory, skin, bone, gynecological, urinary tract, and intra-abdominal infections, as well as sepsis and endocarditis.
FDA Label
Mechanism of Action

Cilastatin is a renal dehydropeptidase-1 inhibitor. Because the antibiotic imipenem is hydrolyzed by dehydropeptidase-1 located at the brush border of the renal tubules, cilastatin is used in combination with imipenem to block the metabolism of imipenem.

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Pharmacodynamics
Cilastatin is a compound that inhibits human dehydropeptidase. Renal dehydropeptidase degrades the antibiotic imipenem. Therefore, cilastatin must be used in combination with intravenous imipenem to protect it from dehydropeptidase degradation and prolong its antibacterial effect. However, cilastatin itself does not have antibacterial activity. Increasing renal excretion of unmetabolized imipenem appears to prevent proximal tubular necrosis induced by high doses of imipenem.

C16H25N2NAO5S

380.4348

380.138

C, 50.51; H, 6.62; N, 7.36; Na, 6.04; O, 21.03; S, 8.43

81129-83-1

Cilastatin;82009-34-5

6435415

Solid powder

655.5ºC at 760 mmHg

350.2ºC

1.189

4

7

11

24

519

2

C([C@H]1CC1(C)C)(=O)N/C(/C(=O)O)=C\CCCCSC[C@H](N)C(=O)O.[Na]

QXPBTTUOVWMPJN-QBNHLFMHSA-M

InChI=1S/C16H26N2O5S.Na/c1-16(2)8-10(16)13(19)18-12(15(22)23)6-4-3-5-7-24-9-11(17)14(20)21/h6,10-11H,3-5,7-9,17H2,1-2H3,(H,18,19)(H,20,21)(H,22,23)/q+1/p-1/b12-6-/t10-,11+/m1./s1

sodium S-((Z)-6-carboxy-6-((S)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxamido)hex-5-en-1-yl)-L-cysteinate

Cilastatin Monosodium Salt ; MK 0791; MK0791; M K-0791; MK791; MK-791; MK-791; Cilastatin sodium; Recarbrio;

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: (1). This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage.  (2). Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : ~72 mg/mL ( ~200.86 mM )
Water : 7~100 mg/mL(~262.86 mM )

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)