| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| 100mg | |||
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| Targets |
DNA (G-C rich regions), Sp1 transcription factor.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In vitro, chromomycin A3 binds specifically to G-C base pairs in the minor groove of DNA, blocking transcription factor binding. It antagonizes enhanced DNA binding of transcription factors Sp1 and Sp3 to their cognate G-C box induced by oxidative stress or DNA damage. The compound inhibits DNA replication and transcription, downregulates anti-apoptotic proteins including FLIP, Mcl-1, and XIAP, and induces S-phase cell cycle arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis in tumor cells. It is used as a fluorescent stain of DNA and as an antineoplastic agent.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, chromomycin A3 has been studied as an antitumor antibiotic. It has antineoplastic activity and has been investigated in cancer research. The compound's mechanism of action involves DNA binding and transcriptional inhibition, leading to tumor cell death. Detailed in vivo efficacy data depend on the specific tumor models used.
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| Enzyme Assay |
DNA binding assays are performed using purified DNA (e.g., calf thymus DNA, G-C rich oligonucleotides) or using cell extracts. Fluorescence spectroscopy is used to monitor binding: chromomycin A3 has intrinsic fluorescence that is enhanced upon binding to DNA. The compound is incubated with DNA in buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 100 mM NaCl) at varying concentrations (0.1-10 microM). Fluorescence is measured at excitation/emission wavelengths appropriate for the compound. For G-C specificity analysis, competition assays with G-C rich and A-T rich oligonucleotides are performed. Sp1 binding inhibition is assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA): nuclear extracts are incubated with labeled Sp1 consensus oligonucleotide and chromomycin A3, and DNA-protein complexes are resolved by gel electrophoresis.
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| Cell Assay |
Cancer cell lines (e.g., various tumor cell types) are cultured in appropriate medium. Cells are seeded in 96-well plates and treated with chromomycin A3 at concentrations ranging from 0.01-10 microM for 24-72 hours. Cell viability is assessed by MTT or CellTiter-Glo assays. Cell cycle analysis is performed by flow cytometry after propidium iodide staining to assess S-phase arrest. Apoptosis is assessed by caspase activity assays, Annexin V/PI staining, or Western blot for PARP cleavage and anti-apoptotic protein levels (FLIP, Mcl-1, XIAP). Sp1 target gene expression is analyzed by qPCR or Western blot.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo efficacy is evaluated in xenograft mouse models. Immunodeficient mice are implanted subcutaneously with tumor cells. When tumors reach a certain size, chromomycin A3 is administered intraperitoneally or intravenously at doses typically ranging from 0.5-5 mg/kg. Tumor volume is measured every 2-3 days. At study termination, tumors are excised for histological analysis (e.g., apoptosis detection by TUNEL), immunohistochemistry (Ki67, cleaved caspase-3), and molecular analysis (Sp1 target gene expression). Body weight and general health are monitored throughout the study.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Chromomycin A3 has molecular formula C₅₇H₈2O2₆ and molecular weight 1183.25. It is soluble in ethanol, methanol, DMF, or DMSO, with limited water solubility. The compound is stored at -20degC. Pharmacokinetic properties are not extensively reported. As a glycosidic antibiotic, it is administered parenterally.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Chromomycin A3 is an antibiotic with antineoplastic activity. It should be handled as a potential mutagen and cytotoxic agent. Appropriate safety precautions (gloves, lab coat, eye protection) should be used. The compound is for research use only and not for human therapeutic use.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Chromomicin A3 is a chromomicin. It has been reported to exist in Streptomyces, Streptomyces roseum, and Streptomyces griseus, with relevant data available. Chromomicin A3 is a glycoside antitumor antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces griseus. Chromomicin A3 reversibly binds to guanine-cytosine (GC) base pairs in the minor groove of DNA, thereby inhibiting RNA synthesis. This compound can be used as a fluorescent chromosome dye. (NCI04) A glycoside antibiotic derived from Streptomyces griseus, it can be used as a DNA fluorescent dye and an antitumor drug.
Chromomycin A3 is a G-C specific DNA ligand and antitumor antibiotic from Streptomyces species. It binds specifically to G-C base pairs in DNA, inhibits transcription, and acts as a DNA-binding dye. The compound inhibits Sp1 transcription factor binding, downregulates anti-apoptotic proteins, and induces S-phase arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis. It is used as a research tool in cancer biology and as a fluorescent stain for DNA. Chromomycin A3 is not an approved therapeutic agent; it is a research compound. |
| Molecular Formula |
C57H82O26
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
1183.2454
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| Exact Mass |
1182.51
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| CAS # |
7059-24-7
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| PubChem CID |
656673
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| Appearance |
Light yellow to yellow solid powder
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| Density |
1.43g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
1147.6ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
185℃
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| Flash Point |
311.1ºC
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| Index of Refraction |
1.608
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| LogP |
1.546
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
8
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
26
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
20
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| Heavy Atom Count |
83
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| Complexity |
2190
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
25
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| SMILES |
C[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H](C[C@@H](O1)O[C@H]2[C@@H](CC3=C(C2=O)C(=C4C(=C3)C=C(C(=C4O)C)O[C@H]5C[C@H]([C@H]([C@H](O5)C)OC(=O)C)O[C@@H]6C[C@H]([C@H]([C@H](O6)C)OC)O)O)[C@@H](C(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)O)OC)O[C@H]7C[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O7)C)O)O[C@H]8C[C@]([C@H]([C@@H](O8)C)OC(=O)C)(C)O)O
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| InChi Key |
ZYVSOIYQKUDENJ-WKSBCEQHSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C57H82O26/c1-21-34(79-40-19-37(53(26(6)75-40)77-28(8)59)82-38-16-33(61)52(70-11)25(5)74-38)15-31-13-30-14-32(54(71-12)51(68)46(63)22(2)58)55(50(67)44(30)49(66)43(31)45(21)62)83-41-18-35(47(64)24(4)73-41)80-39-17-36(48(65)23(3)72-39)81-42-20-57(10,69)56(27(7)76-42)78-29(9)60/h13,15,22-27,32-33,35-42,46-48,52-56,58,61-66,69H,14,16-20H2,1-12H3/t22-,23-,24-,25-,26-,27+,32+,33-,35-,36-,37-,38-,39+,40+,41+,42+,46+,47-,48-,52+,53+,54+,55+,56+,57+/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
[(2R,3S,4R,6S)-6-[[(6S,7S)-6-[(2S,4R,5R,6R)-4-[(2S,4R,5R,6R)-4-[(2S,4S,5S,6S)-5-acetyloxy-4-hydroxy-4,6-dimethyloxan-2-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-7-[(1S,3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-1-methoxy-2-oxopentyl]-4,10-dihydroxy-3-methyl-5-oxo-7,8-dihydro-6H-anthracen-2-yl]oxy]-4-[(2R,4R,5R,6R)-4-hydroxy-5-methoxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-2-methyloxan-3-yl] acetate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~84.51 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 0.8451 mL | 4.2256 mL | 8.4513 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.1690 mL | 0.8451 mL | 1.6903 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.0845 mL | 0.4226 mL | 0.8451 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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