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| 1mg |
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| 5mg |
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| Targets |
Chlorophyll a does not have a traditional drug target but acts as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy. Upon light activation, it transfers energy to molecular oxygen, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) that induce cellular damage and apoptosis in target cells. In photosynthesis, it targets photosystem reaction centers, functioning as an antenna pigment that absorbs light and transfers excitation energy. As a natural compound, it interacts with various cellular components through photochemical reactions.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, chlorophyll a has been evaluated for its synergistic efficacy in photodynamic therapy. Chlorophyll-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles have been studied for their anticancer effects in HepG2, MDA-MB-231, and HSF cell lines. Pheophorbide-a, a chlorophyll derivative, has been explored as an ideal photosensitizer for breast, prostate, lung, oral squamous cell carcinoma, gastric, osteosarcoma, and cervical cancers in numerous in vitro studies. The photosensitizing activity is light-dependent and requires activation with specific wavelengths.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, chlorophyll-a-derived photosensitizers have shown potent antitumor activity in murine cancer models. Intratumoral photodynamic therapy with pheophorbide-a inhibited tumor cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in murine oral cancer models. Chlorophyll-based photodynamic therapy has also been studied in various cancer models for its ability to induce tumor regression through oxidative stress-mediated cell death. Further in vivo studies are ongoing to optimize delivery and efficacy.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For photosensitizer characterization, chlorophyll a's absorption spectrum is measured using UV-visible spectroscopy, with major peaks in the blue (430 nm, Soret band) and red (660 nm, Q-band) regions. Singlet oxygen generation is assessed using chemical probes such as 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF). The photophysical properties, including fluorescence quantum yield and triplet lifetime, are determined using steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy in various solvents.
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| Cell Assay |
For cell-based PDT assays, cancer cells are seeded in 96-well plates and incubated with chlorophyll a or chlorophyll-loaded nanoparticles at concentrations ranging from 0.1-100 µg/mL for 4-24 hours. Cells are then irradiated with light at appropriate wavelengths (typically 650-700 nm for chlorophyll a) at fluences of 1-20 J/cm². Cell viability is assessed 24-48 hours post-irradiation using MTT or CCK-8 assays. ROS production can be detected using fluorescent probes such as DCFH-DA.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo PDT studies, tumor-bearing mice (xenograft models of breast cancer, oral cancer, or other malignancies) are administered chlorophyll-based photosensitizers via intratumoral, intravenous, or intraperitoneal injection. After a drug-light interval of 4-24 hours, tumors are irradiated with laser light at appropriate wavelengths. Tumor growth is monitored by caliper measurements, and tumor tissues are collected for histological analysis, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting to assess apoptosis and proliferation markers.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Chlorophyll a is lipophilic and soluble in organic solvents such as acetone, ethanol, and DMSO. For in vivo administration, it can be formulated as nanoparticles, liposomes, or other delivery systems to improve bioavailability. The compound is sensitive to light, heat, and oxygen and should be stored at -20°C in the dark. Pharmacokinetic studies of chlorophyll a and its derivatives show rapid clearance and accumulation in liver and spleen.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Chlorophyll a is generally regarded as non-toxic and safe for human consumption at dietary levels. Major regulatory agencies consider it safe as a food colorant. In PDT applications, toxicity is localized to the irradiated area and is mediated by ROS generation. In animal studies, chlorophyll a-based photosensitizers are well-tolerated at therapeutic doses, though high doses may cause skin photosensitivity. Comprehensive toxicology data are available from food safety evaluations.
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| Additional Infomation |
Chlorophyll is a porphyrin derivative bound to magnesium ions, found in plant chloroplasts, algae, and cyanobacteria. Chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis. It absorbs blue and red light in the visible spectrum and transfers the energy of the absorbed photons to electrons to produce ATP. Another form of chlorophyll absorbs light in the violet to red range (wavelength range of approximately 400-700 nm) and reflects green light (wavelength 500-570 nm), giving terrestrial plants their characteristic green color. It is crucial for oxygen-producing photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll a is a natural photosynthetic pigment being investigated for photodynamic therapy, food coloring (E140), and cosmetic applications. It acts as a photosensitizer that generates ROS upon light activation, inducing cell death in cancer cells. Chlorophyll a and its derivatives, particularly pheophorbide-a, are being studied as photosensitizers for various cancers. The compound is not approved as a therapeutic drug but is available as a research reagent. Clinical translation requires formulation development and optimization of light delivery protocols. |
| Molecular Formula |
C55H72MGN4O5
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
893.4890
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| Exact Mass |
892.535
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| CAS # |
479-61-8
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| Related CAS # |
18025-08-6
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| PubChem CID |
12085802
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Boiling Point |
1032.1ºC at 760mmHg
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| Melting Point |
117-120°
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| Flash Point |
578ºC
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| Vapour Pressure |
0mmHg at 25°C
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| LogP |
9.954
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
9
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
22
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| Heavy Atom Count |
65
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| Complexity |
2130
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
5
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| SMILES |
CCC1=C(C2=NC1=CC3=C(C4=C([N-]3)C(=C5[C@H]([C@@H](C(=N5)C=C6C(=C(C(=C2)[N-]6)C=C)C)C)CCC(=O)OC/C=C(\C)/CCC[C@H](C)CCC[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)[C@H](C4=O)C(=O)OC)C)C.[Mg+2]
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| InChi Key |
ATNHDLDRLWWWCB-AENOIHSZSA-M
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C55H73N4O5.Mg/c1-13-39-35(8)42-28-44-37(10)41(24-25-48(60)64-27-26-34(7)23-17-22-33(6)21-16-20-32(5)19-15-18-31(3)4)52(58-44)50-51(55(62)63-12)54(61)49-38(11)45(59-53(49)50)30-47-40(14-2)36(9)43(57-47)29-46(39)56-42;/h13,26,28-33,37,41,51H,1,14-25,27H2,2-12H3,(H-,56,57,58,59,61);/q-1;+2/p-1/b34-26+;/t32-,33-,37+,41+,51-;/m1./s1
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| Chemical Name |
magnesium;methyl (3R,21S,22S)-16-ethenyl-11-ethyl-12,17,21,26-tetramethyl-4-oxo-22-[3-oxo-3-[(E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-enoxy]propyl]-23,25-diaza-7,24-diazanidahexacyclo[18.2.1.15,8.110,13.115,18.02,6]hexacosa-1,5,8(26),9,11,13(25),14,16,18,20(23)-decaene-3-carboxylate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.1192 mL | 5.5960 mL | 11.1921 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.2238 mL | 1.1192 mL | 2.2384 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1119 mL | 0.5596 mL | 1.1192 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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