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| Targets |
Bacterial cell membranes, particularly those of Gram-negative bacteria. Ceratotoxin A is an antimicrobial peptide that exerts its antibacterial activity by interacting with and disrupting bacterial cell membranes. The peptide's alpha-helical structure and cationic nature facilitate binding to negatively charged bacterial membranes, leading to membrane permeabilization and cell death. It exhibits strong antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria including E. coli and P. aeruginosa.
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| ln Vitro |
Ceratotoxin A is a 29-residue peptide isolated from accessory gland secretions that exhibits anti-E. coli activity and is thermostable [1]. Ceratotoxin A is effective against Escherichia coli ATCC 23739, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 7, 7 and 3.5 µM [2].
In vitro, Ceratotoxin A exhibits potent antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is effective against Escherichia coli ATCC 23739 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The peptide's antibacterial activity is heat-stable, making it a robust antimicrobial agent for research applications. Its alpha-helical cationic structure enables interaction with bacterial membranes, leading to membrane disruption and bacterial killing. Ceratotoxin A has garnered attention for its potential applications in antimicrobial therapies. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo studies of Ceratotoxin A have been conducted in animal models of bacterial infection. The peptide's antibacterial properties have been evaluated in vivo to assess its therapeutic potential. Its efficacy against Gram-negative bacterial infections has been demonstrated in preclinical models. The peptide's heat stability and potent antibacterial activity make it a promising candidate for the development of novel antimicrobial agents. Further in vivo studies are needed to fully characterize its therapeutic potential.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility assays for Ceratotoxin A are performed using standard broth microdilution methods following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Bacterial strains (e.g., E. coli ATCC 23739, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853) are cultured in appropriate media (e.g., Mueller-Hinton broth) to mid-log phase. Ceratotoxin A is serially diluted in 96-well plates, and bacterial suspensions are added to achieve a final concentration of approximately 5×10⁵ CFU/mL. Plates are incubated at 37degC for 18-24 hours. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is determined as the lowest concentration that inhibits visible bacterial growth. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) is determined by subculturing wells with no visible growth onto agar plates.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for Ceratotoxin A assess its cytotoxicity against mammalian cells and its effects on bacterial-infected cells. Mammalian cell lines (e.g., HEK293, HeLa, or primary cells) are cultured in appropriate media and treated with varying concentrations of the peptide (1-100 microM) for 24-48 hours. Cell viability is measured using MTT or lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays to assess cytotoxicity. For antibacterial activity, bacterial-infected cell culture models can be used to evaluate the peptide's ability to kill intracellular bacteria.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for Ceratotoxin A are typically conducted in mouse models of bacterial infection. Mice are challenged with a lethal dose of bacteria (e.g., E. coli or P. aeruginosa) via intraperitoneal or intravenous injection. Ceratotoxin A is administered at various doses (1-50 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal, intravenous, or subcutaneous routes, either prophylactically or therapeutically. Survival rates, bacterial load in tissues (blood, spleen, liver), and inflammatory markers are measured. Control groups receive vehicle or standard antibiotics for comparison.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of Ceratotoxin A are characteristic of peptide antimicrobial agents. With a molecular weight of 2868.59 and a cationic, alpha-helical structure, the peptide is likely to have limited oral bioavailability and is typically administered parenterally. The peptide is soluble in aqueous solutions and is typically stored as a lyophilized powder at -20degC. Standard pharmacokinetic parameters (clearance, volume of distribution, half-life) can be determined in preclinical species following intravenous or subcutaneous administration.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for Ceratotoxin A are limited to preclinical research studies. As a peptide antimicrobial, its toxicity profile is evaluated in the context of in vivo efficacy studies. The compound is intended for research purposes only and not for human therapeutic use. Standard safety precautions for handling peptides apply. Hemolytic activity against red blood cells is typically assessed as part of the peptide's selectivity and toxicity evaluation.
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| References |
[1]. Marchini D, et al. Purification and primary structure of ceratotoxin A and B, two antibacterial peptides from the female reproductive accessory glands of the medfly Ceratitis capitata (Insecta:Diptera). Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 1993 Jul;23(5):591-8.
[2]. Marri L, et al. The novel antibacterial peptide ceratotoxin A alters permeability of the inner and outer membrane of Escherichia coli K-12. Curr Microbiol. 1996 Jul;33(1):40-3. |
| Additional Infomation |
Ceratotoxin A is a research-grade antimicrobial peptide isolated from the medfly Ceratitis capitata. It is a 29-residue alpha-helical cationic peptide with significant antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria. The sequence is SIGSALKKALPVAKKIGKIALPIAKAALP-OH. The peptide is heat-stable and effective against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. It is used as a research tool for studying antimicrobial peptides, bacterial membrane disruption, and the development of novel antimicrobial therapies. Not approved for clinical use.
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| Molecular Formula |
C135H243N35O32
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
2868.58925271034
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| Exact Mass |
2866.846
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| CAS # |
150671-04-8
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| PubChem CID |
146157323
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| Density |
1.2±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
2450.8±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
1436.0±34.3 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.6 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.541
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| LogP |
2.05
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
35
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
39
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
97
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| Heavy Atom Count |
202
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| Complexity |
6260
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
O=C(C(CC(C)C)NC(C(C)NC(C(C(C)CC)NC(C(CCCCN)NC(CNC(C(C(C)CC)NC(C(CCCCN)NC(C(CCCCN)NC(C(C)NC(C(C(C)C)NC(C1CCCN1C(C(CC(C)C)NC(C(C)NC(C(CCCCN)NC(C(CCCCN)NC(C(CC(C)C)NC(C(C)NC(C(CO)NC(CNC(C(C(C)CC)NC(C(CO)N)=O)=O)=O)=O)=O)=O)=O)=O)=O)=O)=O)=O)=O)=O)=O)=O)=O)=O)=O)=O)N1CCCC1C(NC(C(NC(C(NC(C(NC(C)C(NC(C)C(NC(CC(C)C)C(N1CCCC1C(=O)O)=O)=O)=O)=O)CCCCN)=O)C)=O)C(C)CC)=O
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| InChi Key |
KQXGJUOSTKVDEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C135H243N35O32/c1-26-76(15)105(164-116(182)87(142)69-171)127(193)144-68-103(174)153-98(70-172)124(190)148-82(21)112(178)159-94(63-71(5)6)123(189)158-92(49-34-40-58-140)120(186)156-90(47-32-38-56-138)118(184)147-83(22)114(180)160-95(64-72(7)8)132(198)168-60-42-51-99(168)125(191)163-104(75(13)14)129(195)149-84(23)110(176)155-91(48-33-39-57-139)119(185)157-93(50-35-41-59-141)122(188)165-106(77(16)27-2)128(194)143-67-102(173)152-88(45-30-36-54-136)121(187)166-107(78(17)28-3)130(196)151-86(25)115(181)161-96(65-73(9)10)133(199)169-61-43-52-100(169)126(192)167-108(79(18)29-4)131(197)150-85(24)111(177)154-89(46-31-37-55-137)117(183)146-80(19)109(175)145-81(20)113(179)162-97(66-74(11)12)134(200)170-62-44-53-101(170)135(201)202/h71-101,104-108,171-172H,26-70,136-142H2,1-25H3,(H,143,194)(H,144,193)(H,145,175)(H,146,183)(H,147,184)(H,148,190)(H,149,195)(H,150,197)(H,151,196)(H,152,173)(H,153,174)(H,154,177)(H,155,176)(H,156,186)(H,157,185)(H,158,189)(H,159,178)(H,160,180)(H,161,181)(H,162,179)(H,163,191)(H,164,182)(H,165,188)(H,166,187)(H,167,192)(H,201,202)
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| Chemical Name |
1-[2-[2-[2-[[6-amino-2-[2-[[2-[[1-[2-[2-[[2-[[6-amino-2-[[2-[[2-[[6-amino-2-[[6-amino-2-[2-[[2-[[1-[2-[2-[[6-amino-2-[[6-amino-2-[[2-[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[(2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoyl)amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]-4-methylpentanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]-4-methylpentanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]hexanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]propanoylamino]-4-methylpentanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~50 mg/mL (~17.43 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 0.3486 mL | 1.7430 mL | 3.4860 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.0697 mL | 0.3486 mL | 0.6972 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.0349 mL | 0.1743 mL | 0.3486 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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