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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
The primary target of Bismuth subgallate is coagulation factor XII (Hageman factor). By activating factor XII, the compound initiates the coagulation cascade and promotes fibrin clot formation. It also inhibits nitric oxide synthase production and affects NO and PGE2 production by macrophages. As an astringent and antiseptic, it may target skin and mucosal tissues. These targets make it relevant for hemostasis and wound healing research.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, Bismuth subgallate inhibits nitric oxide synthase production. It affects NO and PGE2 production by macrophages. The compound's hemostatic activity is studied using coagulation assays, where it activates factor XII and promotes fibrin clot formation. As an astringent and antiseptic, it may have effects on microbial growth and tissue contraction. These in vitro activities support its use in hemostasis, inflammation, and infectious disease research.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Bismuth subgallate is used as a hemostatic agent to promote blood clotting. It acts on coagulation factor XII to activate the coagulation cascade and improve fibrin clot formation. The compound has been used in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections. As an astringent and antiseptic, it is used topically for wound care and skin conditions. Its clinical use has established its efficacy and safety for hemostatic applications.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for Bismuth subgallate include coagulation factor XII activation assays. The compound is incubated with factor XII at concentrations ranging from 0.1-1000 μg/ml, and activation is measured using chromogenic or fluorogenic substrates. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition is assessed using enzyme activity assays. Macrophage NO and PGE2 production is measured using Griess reagent and ELISA, respectively. Antibacterial activity against H. pylori is assessed using broth microdilution methods. All assays include appropriate controls.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for Bismuth subgallate are conducted using macrophages for NO and PGE2 production studies. Cells are treated with compound concentrations ranging from 0.1-1000 μg/ml for 24-72 hours. NO production is measured using Griess reagent. PGE2 levels are measured by ELISA. Cell viability is assessed using MTT assays. Coagulation studies may use platelet-rich plasma or whole blood. Antibacterial activity is assessed using bacterial cultures. Experiments include vehicle controls and positive controls.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies with Bismuth subgallate are conducted in models of bleeding, wound healing, and H. pylori infection. The compound is administered topically or orally at appropriate doses. Hemostatic efficacy is assessed by measuring bleeding time and clot formation. Wound healing is evaluated by measuring wound closure rates. H. pylori infection is assessed by bacterial load measurement. Each group consists of 6-10 animals with appropriate controls.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of Bismuth subgallate depend on the route of administration. Following topical application, the compound acts locally with minimal systemic absorption. Following oral administration, bismuth is partially absorbed and distributed to various tissues. The compound is a bismuth salt (MW 394.09, C7H6BiO6) and is eliminated primarily via renal and biliary excretion. Detailed PK parameters are available from clinical studies of bismuth-containing compounds.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for Bismuth subgallate indicate that it is generally well-tolerated when used as a hemostatic agent. Common adverse effects are minimal with topical use. Oral bismuth compounds may cause darkening of the tongue and stool. The compound is contraindicated in patients with bismuth hypersensitivity. Comprehensive safety data are available from clinical use. As with all pharmaceuticals, use should be under appropriate medical supervision.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Bismuth hypogallate is a coordinating entity of bismuth and exhibits convergent properties.
See also: Bismuth hypogallate (note moved to). Bismuth subgallate is a hemostatic agent that activates coagulation factor XII to promote fibrin clot formation. It is also an astringent and antiseptic used topically for wound care and skin conditions. The compound inhibits nitric oxide synthase production and has been used in the treatment of H. pylori infections. It is used in research on hemostasis, wound healing, and infectious diseases. Available as a pharmaceutical and research chemical. |
| Molecular Formula |
C7H6BIO6
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| Molecular Weight |
395.0993
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| Exact Mass |
393.989
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| CAS # |
99-26-3
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| PubChem CID |
16682999
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| Appearance |
Light yellow to yellow solid powder
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| Boiling Point |
501.1ºC at 760mmHg
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| Melting Point |
223 °C (dec.)(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
270.9ºC
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| LogP |
0.599
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
14
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| Complexity |
222
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
XXCBNHDMGIZPQF-UHFFFAOYSA-L
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C7H6O5.Bi.H2O/c8-4-1-3(7(11)12)2-5(9)6(4)10;;/h1-2,8-10H,(H,11,12);;1H2/q;+2;/p-2
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO :< 1 mg/mL
H2O : < 0.1 mg/mL |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.5310 mL | 12.6550 mL | 25.3100 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5062 mL | 2.5310 mL | 5.0620 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2531 mL | 1.2655 mL | 2.5310 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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