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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Benzyl nicotinate targets blood vessels in the skin. When applied topically, it is hydrolyzed to nicotinic acid, which causes local vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels. This vasodilation increases blood flow to the affected area, producing a warming sensation that is believed to relieve muscle and joint pain. The mechanism involves the release of prostaglandins and other vasoactive mediators.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, benzyl nicotinate is hydrolyzed to nicotinic acid, which is the active vasodilator. Nicotinic acid acts on blood vessels to cause vasodilation. The compound's in vitro activity is related to its hydrolysis and the subsequent effects of nicotinic acid on vascular smooth muscle. Detailed in vitro data are limited.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, benzyl nicotinate is used topically as a rubefacient and vasodilator for the relief of muscle and joint pain. When applied to the skin, it produces local vasodilation and a warming sensation. It is used in liniments, creams, and ointments for rheumatic pain, muscle pain, and joint stiffness. Its effects are localized to the site of application.
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| Enzyme Assay |
General protocols for vasodilation assays use isolated rat or pig coronary or mesenteric arteries. Arterial rings are mounted in organ baths containing physiological salt solution at 37°C. Benzyl nicotinate or its hydrolysis product nicotinic acid is added at various concentrations (1 µM-10 mM). Isometric tension is recorded. Vasodilation is assessed in pre-contracted arteries. The percentage relaxation is calculated.
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| Cell Assay |
General protocols for cell-based studies using benzyl nicotinate are limited. The compound's mechanism of action is through hydrolysis to nicotinic acid rather than direct cellular effects. For studies on vasodilation, vascular smooth muscle cells or endothelial cells are treated with nicotinic acid (the active metabolite) at various concentrations (1-1000 µM). Nitric oxide production and prostaglandin release are measured. Intracellular calcium levels are assessed.
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| Animal Protocol |
General protocols for in vivo efficacy studies use animal models of inflammation or pain (e.g., carrageenan-induced paw edema or formalin-induced pain). Benzyl nicotinate is applied topically at concentrations of 1-10% to the affected area. Pain reduction and inflammation are assessed. Skin blood flow is measured using laser Doppler flowmetry. The warming sensation is evaluated.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Benzyl nicotinate has a molecular weight of 213.23 g/mol (C13H11NO2). It is a benzyl ester of nicotinic acid. It is slightly soluble in water and soluble in organic solvents. Following topical application, it is absorbed through the skin and hydrolyzed to nicotinic acid. The systemic absorption is minimal. The compound is used as a topical analgesic and vasodilator.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Benzyl nicotinate has a favorable safety profile for topical use. It may cause skin irritation, redness, and a warming or tingling sensation at the site of application. Allergic skin reactions have been reported in sensitive individuals. It should not be applied to broken or irritated skin. The compound should be used as directed. Systemic toxicity is rare due to minimal absorption.
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| Additional Infomation |
Benzyl nicotinate is a benzyl ester produced by the condensation of the carboxyl group of nicotinic acid with benzyl alcohol. It has been used as a reddening agent and also has vasodilatory effects, its function being related to nicotinic acid.
Benzyl Nicotinate (CAS 94-44-0) is a topical vasodilator used for the relief of muscle and joint pain. It is available in liniments, creams, and ointments for rheumatic pain, muscle pain, and joint stiffness. It causes local vasodilation and a warming sensation. It is approved as an over-the-counter topical analgesic in many countries. It is not used as a systemic drug. |
| Molecular Formula |
C13H11NO2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
213.2319
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| Exact Mass |
213.078
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| CAS # |
94-44-0
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| PubChem CID |
7191
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| Density |
1.2±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
334.1±17.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
24 °C(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
155.8±20.9 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.7 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.583
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| LogP |
2.65
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
4
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| Heavy Atom Count |
16
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| Complexity |
224
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
O=C(C1C=CC=NC=1)OCC1C=CC=CC=1
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| InChi Key |
KVYGGMBOZFWZBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C13H11NO2/c15-13(12-7-4-8-14-9-12)16-10-11-5-2-1-3-6-11/h1-9H,10H2
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| Chemical Name |
benzyl pyridine-3-carboxylate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~468.98 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.6898 mL | 23.4489 mL | 46.8977 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.9380 mL | 4.6898 mL | 9.3795 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4690 mL | 2.3449 mL | 4.6898 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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