Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Absorbed after oral administration.

Medication Use During Pregnancy and Lactation ◉ Overview of Medication Use During Lactation
Limited information suggests that the concentration of bacillus aspirin in breast milk is low and is not expected to have adverse effects on breastfed infants. There are reports that penicillin-type drugs occasionally disrupt the infant's gut microbiota, leading to diarrhea or thrush, but these effects have not been fully assessed. Bacillus aspirin is safe for breastfeeding women.
◉ Effects on Breastfed Infants
Bacillus aspirin rapidly converts to ampicillin. Ampicillin has been reported to cause some adverse reactions. A non-controlled observation of infants breastfed by mothers taking ampicillin appeared to show an increase in cases of diarrhea and candidiasis, attributed to ampicillin in breast milk.
In a prospective follow-up study, five breastfeeding mothers reported taking ampicillin (dosage not specified). One mother reported her infant developing diarrhea. No rashes or candidiasis were reported in infants exposed to ampicillin.
A small, controlled prospective study required mothers to monitor their infants for signs of adverse reactions (thickened tongue coating, feeding difficulties, changes in stool frequency and consistency, diaper rash, and skin rash). Weight changes and the occurrence of jaundice were also recorded. No statistically significant differences were found in these parameters between infants of control mothers and infants of mothers taking ampicillin.
A 7-day-old infant born to a mother concurrently taking bampicillin may have experienced prolonged bleeding time, thrombocytopenia, and acute anemia due to naproxen. The role of bampicillin in this reaction is unclear.
◉ Effects on lactation and breast milk
As of the revision date, no relevant published information was found.

[1]. Bacampicillin: a new orally well-absorbed derivative of ampicillin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1975 Nov;8(5):518-25.

Bacampicillin is a penicillin ester, specifically the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, non-microbially active prodrug of ampicillin. It functions as a prodrug and is functionally related to ampicillin. Bacampicillin is a prodrug of ampicillin and has no microbial activity. It is absorbed orally. During gastrointestinal absorption, Bacampicillin is hydrolyzed by esterases in the intestinal wall. Like ampicillin, it possesses microbial activity, exerting its bactericidal effect by inhibiting the biosynthesis of cell wall peptidoglycans. It is used to treat upper and lower respiratory tract infections; skin and soft tissue infections; urinary tract infections; and acute uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis. Bacampicillin has been reported to exist in the Chinese honeybee (Apis cerana), and there is relevant data. Bacampicillin is a prodrug of ampicillin, a broad-spectrum semi-synthetic β-lactam aminopenicillin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Bacillus aspirin is hydrolyzed in vivo by esterases to its active metabolite, ampicillin. Ampicillin binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding protein (PBP) located on the inner membrane of bacterial cell walls. Inactivation of PBP interferes with the cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains, which is crucial for the strength and rigidity of bacterial cell walls. This disrupts bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to weakened cell walls and ultimately cell lysis.

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Indications
For infections in the following sites: upper and lower respiratory tracts; skin and soft tissues; urinary tract and acute uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis when caused by susceptible strains of the following microorganisms: Gram-positive bacteria: streptococci (including Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus pneumoniae) and non-penicillinase-producing staphylococci; Gram-negative bacteria: Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella, and Shigella.
Mechanism of Action During absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, bacaspirin is hydrolyzed by esterases present in the intestinal wall. Like ampicillin, it possesses microbial activity and exerts its bactericidal effect by inhibiting the biosynthesis of cell wall peptidoglycans. Pharmacodynamics bacaspirin is a prodrug of ampicillin and does not possess microbial activity.

C21H27N3O7S

465.51998

465.157

50972-17-3

Bacampicillin hydrochloride;37661-08-8

441397

Typically exists as solid at room temperature

1.37 g/cm3

678.4ºC at 760 mmHg

171-176

1.607

2.324

2

9

10

32

756

4

O=C([C@@H](C(C)(C)S[C@]1([H])[C@@H]2NC([C@H](N)C3=CC=CC=C3)=O)N1C2=O)OC(OC(OCC)=O)C

PFOLLRNADZZWEX-FFGRCDKISA-N

InChI=1S/C21H27N3O7S/c1-5-29-20(28)31-11(2)30-19(27)15-21(3,4)32-18-14(17(26)24(15)18)23-16(25)13(22)12-9-7-6-8-10-12/h6-11,13-15,18H,5,22H2,1-4H3,(H,23,25)/t11?,13-,14-,15+,18-/m1/s1

1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl (2S,5R,6R)-6-[[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)