| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 100mg | |||
| 5g |
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| 10g |
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| 25g | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
As a photosensitizer, the target of Azure A eosinate is the cellular components of microorganisms, particularly Candida albicans. Its mechanism of action involves the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon light activation. As a dye, it absorbs light energy and transfers it to molecular oxygen, producing singlet oxygen and other ROS that can damage microbial cell membranes, proteins, and DNA, leading to cell death. This photodynamic mechanism makes it a potential candidate for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT).
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, Azure A eosinate has been evaluated for its ability to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans. As a new photosensitizer prototype, it demonstrates antimicrobial activity when activated by light of appropriate wavelength. The dye's ability to bind to microbial cells and generate cytotoxic ROS upon irradiation is the basis of its in vitro activity. Its use as a hematological and histological stain indicates it can selectively bind to cellular components such as nuclei and cytoplasm, enabling visualization of cell morphology under a microscope.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo activity data for Azure A eosinate is limited. As a photosensitizer prototype for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, its in vivo efficacy would depend on its ability to localize to the site of infection and generate ROS upon light activation. For similar photosensitizers, in vivo studies typically involve animal models of localized infections (e.g., skin or oral infections) where the photosensitizer is applied topically and activated with a light source. However, specific in vivo data for Azure A eosinate is not currently available in the literature.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme/receptor binding (non-cell) assays for Azure A eosinate are not typical, as it is a dye rather than a specific enzyme inhibitor. However, as a photosensitizer, its photochemical properties can be characterized in cell-free systems. A standard protocol involves dissolving the compound in an appropriate solvent and measuring its absorption spectrum using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The compound's ability to generate singlet oxygen can be assessed using a chemical trap such as 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF), which reacts with singlet oxygen and shows a decrease in absorbance at 410 nm upon photoactivation. This assay measures the photosensitizing efficiency of the compound.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for Azure A eosinate typically involve evaluating its photodynamic antimicrobial activity. A standard protocol: Candida albicans cells are cultured to log phase in appropriate medium and diluted to a standard concentration. The cells are then incubated with various concentrations of Azure A eosinate in the dark for a period (e.g., 30 minutes) to allow uptake. The cell-dye mixture is then irradiated with a light source at a specific wavelength (e.g., 635 nm) for a defined time. After irradiation, cells are plated on agar plates, incubated, and the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) is counted to determine the reduction in cell viability.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments for Azure A eosinate are not well-documented. For photosensitizer compounds, a standard in vivo efficacy study would use a mouse model of localized infection. For example, a skin wound would be infected with Candida albicans, and Azure A eosinate would be applied topically or administered intradermally. After a period for dye accumulation, the infection site would be irradiated with a light source. The efficacy would be assessed by measuring the reduction in fungal burden in tissue samples compared to untreated or light-only controls. Such studies would also evaluate local tissue toxicity and inflammation.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic data for Azure A eosinate is not available. As a dye used for histological staining and as a potential photosensitizer, its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion have not been characterized. Its molecular weight of 1158.57 g/mol suggests it is a large molecule that may not be readily absorbed systemically. For topical applications, it would likely remain localized at the site of application. For potential systemic use, formulation strategies would be needed to improve bioavailability. The compound is typically stored as a powder at -20°C or in solvent at -80°C.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicity data for Azure A eosinate is limited. As a dye used in hematology and histology, it is generally handled with standard laboratory precautions. Its potential as a photosensitizer means that upon light activation, it can generate ROS that are cytotoxic, which is the basis of its antimicrobial activity. This phototoxicity, while beneficial for antimicrobial applications, also poses a risk of damage to host tissues. Therefore, selective targeting and controlled light delivery would be essential for any therapeutic application.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Azure A is an organochloride salt with a counterion of 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)phenothiazine-5-onium. It is used to prepare azure eosin staining agent for blood smears. It can also be used as a histological dye and a fluorescent dye. Its molecular structure contains 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)phenothiazine-5-onium.
Azure A eosinate is a dye for hematological and histological applications. It can serve as a new photosensitizer prototype to determine the growth inhibition of Candida albicans. The compound is a combination of Azure A and eosin, providing both staining and photosensitizing properties. It is commercially available from chemical suppliers for research purposes only. It is not an FDA-approved drug and has no clinical trials or marketing approval for human use. Storage conditions are powder at -20°C for up to 3 years. |
| Molecular Formula |
C14H14N3S+.CL-
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
291.79906
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| Exact Mass |
291.06
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| CAS # |
62298-43-5
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| PubChem CID |
13735
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| LogP |
3.848
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
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| Heavy Atom Count |
19
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| Complexity |
483
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
[Cl-].C/[N+](=C1\C=CC2=NC3C=CC(N)=CC=3SC2=C\1)/C
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| InChi Key |
NALREUIWICQLPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C14H13N3S.ClH/c1-17(2)10-4-6-12-14(8-10)18-13-7-9(15)3-5-11(13)16-12;/h3-8,15H,1-2H3;1H
|
| Chemical Name |
(7-aminophenothiazin-3-ylidene)-dimethylazanium;chloride
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.4270 mL | 17.1350 mL | 34.2700 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6854 mL | 3.4270 mL | 6.8540 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3427 mL | 1.7135 mL | 3.4270 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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