AS-1411 targets nucleolin, a multifunctional protein that is highly expressed on the surface of cancer cells and is involved in cell proliferation, survival, and angiogenesis. By binding to cell-surface nucleolin, AS-1411 is internalized and disrupts nucleolin function, leading to cancer cell death.

AS-1411 exhibits antiproliferative activity against a broad range of cancer cell lines in vitro, including those resistant to conventional chemotherapy. It induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by stabilizing G-quadruplex structures and interfering with nucleolin's role in DNA replication and mRNA stability.

In animal xenograft models, AS-1411 demonstrates significant antitumor activity against various tumor types, including breast, lung, and renal cancers. It is well tolerated and shows a favorable safety profile, with no dose-limiting toxicities in preclinical studies. Efficacy has been observed at doses achievable in human trials.

AS-1411 is an aptamer, not a small molecule. Its binding affinity to recombinant nucleolin is measured by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) or ELISA. The G-quadruplex structure is confirmed by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Binding to cancer cell-surface nucleolin is assessed by flow cytometry.

Cancer cell lines are cultured and treated with AS-1411 (typically 5-40 uM). Cell viability is assessed by MTT or CellTiter-Glo assays. Apoptosis is measured by Annexin V/PI staining and caspase activity assays. Uptake of fluorescently labeled AS-1411 into cells can be visualized by confocal microscopy.

Subcutaneous or intravenous xenograft tumor models are established in immunodeficient mice. AS-1411 is typically administered via intravenous injection. Tumor volumes are measured regularly. Tumor tissues are harvested to assess nucleolin expression and markers of apoptosis. Pharmacodynamic studies measure AS-1411 accumulation in tumors.

AS-1411 is administered intravenously. In clinical trials, it has shown a long circulation half-life (approximately 30 hours) due to its nuclease-resistant G-quadruplex structure. It accumulates in tumors due to enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) and specific binding to nucleolin. It is not orally bioavailable.

In clinical trials, AS-1411 has demonstrated a favorable safety and tolerability profile. The most common adverse events are mild to moderate and include infusion reactions, fever, and fatigue. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed in clinical studies. Preclinical toxicology studies show no significant organ toxicity.

[1]. AS1411 alters the localization of a complex containing protein arginine methyltransferase 5 and nucleolin. Cancer Res. 2007;67(21):10491-10500.

[2]. The nucleolin targeting aptamer AS1411 destabilizes Bcl-2 messenger RNA in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2008;68(7):2358-2365.

[3]. G-quadruplex oligonucleotide AS1411 as a cancer-targeting agent: Uses and mechanisms. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects, 2017, 1861(5): 1414-1428.

AS-1411 is the first DNA aptamer to enter human clinical trials for cancer treatment. It has completed Phase I and Phase II trials, but its development for acute myeloid leukemia was discontinued. The compound is not FDA-approved but continues to be used as a research tool for nucleolin-targeted drug delivery.

8272.31

8270.358

301636-59-9

121494112

DNA, d(G-G-T-G-G-T-G-G-T-G-G-T-T-G-T-G-G-T-G-G-T-G-G-T-G-G)

White to off-white solid powder

-55.3

70

197

152

551

26400

75

CC1=CN(C(=O)NC1=O)[C@H]2C[C@@H]([C@H](O2)COP(=O)(O)O[C@H]3C[C@@H](O[C@@H]3COP(=O)(O)O[C@H]4C[C@@H](O[C@@H]4COP(=O)(O)O[C@H]5C[C@@H](O[C@@H]5COP(=O)(O)O[C@H]6C[C@@H](O[C@@H]6COP(=O)(O)O[C@H]7C[C@@H](O[C@@H]7COP(=O)(O)O[C@H]8C[C@@H](O[C@@H]8COP(=O)(O)O[C@H]9C[C@@H](O[C@@H]9COP(=O)(O)O[C@H]1C[C@@H](O[C@@H]1COP(=O)(O)O[C@H]1C[C@@H](O[C@@H]1COP(=O)(O)O[C@H]1C[C@@H](O[C@@H]1COP(=O)(O)O[C@H]1C[C@@H](O[C@@H]1COP(=O)(O)OC1CC(OC1CO)N1C=NC2=C1N=C(NC2=O)N)N1C=NC2=C1N=C(NC2=O)N)N1C=C(C(=O)NC1=O)C)N1C=NC2=C1N=C(NC2=O)N)N1C=NC2=C1N=C(NC2=O)N)N1C=C(C(=O)NC1=O)C)N1C=NC2=C1N=C(NC2=O)N)N1C=NC2=C1N=C(NC2=O)N)N1C=C(C(=O)NC1=O)C)N1C=NC2=C1N=C(NC2=O)N)N1C=NC2=C1N=C(NC2=O)N)N1C=C(C(=O)NC1=O)C)OP(=O)(O)OC[C@@H]1[C@H](C[C@@H](O1)N1C=NC2=C1N=C(NC2=O)N)OP(=O)(O)OC[C@@H]1[C@H](C[C@@H](O1)N1C=C(C(=O)NC1=O)C)OP(=O)(O)OC[C@@H]1[C@H](C[C@@H](O1)N1C=NC2=C1N=C(NC2=O)N)OP(=O)(O)OC[C@@H]1[C@H](C[C@@H](O1)N1C=NC2=C1N=C(NC2=O)N)OP(=O)(O)OC[C@@H]1[C@H](C[C@@H](O1)N1C=C(C(=O)NC1=O)C)OP(=O)(O)OC[C@@H]1[C@H](C[C@@H](O1)N1C=NC2=C1N=C(NC2=O)N)OP(=O)(O)OC[C@@H]1[C@H](C[C@@H](O1)N1C=NC2=C1N=C(NC2=O)N)OP(=O)(O)OC[C@@H]1[C@H](C[C@@H](O1)N1C=C(C(=O)NC1=O)C)OP(=O)(O)OC[C@@H]1[C@H](C[C@@H](O1)N1C=NC2=C1N=C(NC2=O)N)OP(=O)(O)OC[C@@H]1[C@H](C[C@@H](O1)N1C=NC2=C1N=C(NC2=O)N)OP(=O)(O)OC[C@@H]1[C@H](C[C@@H](O1)N1C=C(C(=O)NC1=O)C)OP(=O)(O)OC[C@@H]1[C@H](C[C@@H](O1)N1C=NC2=C1N=C(NC2=O)N)OP(=O)(O)OC[C@@H]1[C@H](C[C@@H](O1)N1C=NC2=C1N=C(NC2=O)N)O

DFYPFJSPLUVPFJ-QJEDTDQSSA-N

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[(2R,3S,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-2-[[[(2R,3S,5R)-2-[[[(2R,3S,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-2-[[[(2R,3S,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-2-[[[(2R,3S,5R)-2-[[[(2R,3S,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-2-[[[(2R,3S,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-2-[[[(2R,3S,5R)-2-[[[(2R,3S,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-2-[[[(2R,3S,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-2-[[[(2R,3S,5R)-2-[[[(2R,3S,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-2-[[[(2R,3S,5R)-2-[[[(2R,3S,5R)-2-[[[(2R,3S,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-2-[[[(2R,3S,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-2-[[[(2R,3S,5R)-2-[[[(2R,3S,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-2-[[[(2R,3S,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-2-[[[(2R,3S,5R)-2-[[[(2R,3S,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-2-[[[(2R,3S,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-2-[[[(2R,3S,5R)-2-[[[(2R,3S,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-2-[[[5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxymethyl]oxolan-3-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxymethyl]-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxymethyl]oxolan-3-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxymethyl]oxolan-3-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxymethyl]-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxymethyl]oxolan-3-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxymethyl]oxolan-3-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxymethyl]-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxymethyl]oxolan-3-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxymethyl]oxolan-3-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxymethyl]-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxymethyl]-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxymethyl]oxolan-3-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxymethyl]-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxymethyl]oxolan-3-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxymethyl]oxolan-3-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxymethyl]-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxymethyl]oxolan-3-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxymethyl]oxolan-3-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxymethyl]-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxymethyl]oxolan-3-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxymethyl]oxolan-3-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxymethyl]-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxymethyl]oxolan-3-yl] [(2R,3S,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-3-hydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl hydrogen phosphate

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)