| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Apyramide targets cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, specifically COX-1 and COX-2, through its active metabolite indomethacin. Indomethacin is a non-selective COX inhibitor, which reduces the synthesis of prostaglandins. The prodrug strategy aims to deliver indomethacin more effectively or with a better side-effect profile.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In vitro, Apyramide is an anti-inflammatory agent that acts as a prodrug of indomethacin. Its activity is likely due to its conversion to indomethacin. The compound itself may have low intrinsic activity, but its effects are mediated through the release of the active drug.
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| ln Vivo |
In rats and mice, alpyramide administered orally or intraperitoneally is far less hazardous than indomethacin. Its properties include analgesic and antipyretic effects, as well as anti-inflammatory action against adjuvant arthritis, cotton ball granuloma, and foot edema caused by carrageenan [1].
In vivo, Apyramide is an anti-inflammatory prodrug that releases indomethacin. The released indomethacin then exerts its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2. This prodrug approach may offer advantages in terms of drug delivery or reduced side effects. |
| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro non-cell enzyme assays for Apyramide are not typical, as it is a prodrug. Its activity is usually assessed by measuring its conversion to indomethacin in the presence of esterases or in biological matrices. The anti-inflammatory activity is then attributed to the released indomethacin, which can be measured in standard COX inhibition assays.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for Apyramide would involve treating cells with the compound and measuring its conversion to indomethacin and the subsequent inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. Its effects on cell viability and inflammatory markers would also be assessed.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for Apyramide would likely involve standard models of inflammation, such as carrageenan-induced paw edema. The compound would be administered, and its ability to reduce inflammation would be compared to that of indomethacin. Pharmacokinetic studies would also be performed to characterize its conversion to the active drug.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Apyramide has a molecular weight of 490.93 g/mol and a molecular formula of C₂₇H₂₃ClN₂O₅. It is an ester prodrug. Its physicochemical properties are influenced by both the indomethacin and acetaminophen moieties. Detailed pharmacokinetic data are available from preclinical studies.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicity profile of Apyramide is expected to be similar to that of indomethacin, as it is a prodrug. This includes the risk of gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding, renal impairment, and cardiovascular events. The prodrug approach may aim to reduce the GI toxicity, but this needs to be confirmed in studies.
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| References |
[1]. Sauvaire D, et al. Pharmacological activity and toxicity of apyramide: comparison with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1987;13(5):247-52.
[2]. M Cociglio, et al. Pharmacokinetics of an indomethacin pro-drug: apyramide after intravenous administration in dog. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. Oct-Dec 1991;16(4):275-80. |
| Additional Infomation |
Apyramide is an anti-inflammatory agent and a prodrug of indomethacin. It is an ester conjugate of indomethacin and acetaminophen. It is designed to release indomethacin, a potent, blood-brain permeable, non-selective COX inhibitor. It is not approved for clinical use and is intended for research purposes only.
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| Molecular Formula |
C27H23CLN2O5
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
490.9349
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| Exact Mass |
490.13
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| CAS # |
68483-33-0
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| PubChem CID |
50204
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| Density |
1.29g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
671.1ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
359.6ºC
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| Index of Refraction |
1.618
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| LogP |
6.056
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
7
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| Heavy Atom Count |
35
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| Complexity |
763
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
ClC1C([H])=C([H])C(=C([H])C=1[H])C(N1C2C([H])=C([H])C(=C([H])C=2C(C([H])([H])C(=O)OC2C([H])=C([H])C(=C([H])C=2[H])N([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])=O)=C1C([H])([H])[H])OC([H])([H])[H])=O
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| InChi Key |
KWUFTKVMXUYTBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C27H23ClN2O5/c1-16-23(15-26(32)35-21-10-8-20(9-11-21)29-17(2)31)24-14-22(34-3)12-13-25(24)30(16)27(33)18-4-6-19(28)7-5-18/h4-14H,15H2,1-3H3,(H,29,31)
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| Chemical Name |
(4-acetamidophenyl) 2-[1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindol-3-yl]acetate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.0370 mL | 10.1848 mL | 20.3695 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4074 mL | 2.0370 mL | 4.0739 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2037 mL | 1.0185 mL | 2.0370 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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