| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| 500mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Amikacin hydrate targets the bacterial ribosome, specifically the 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits. It binds to the 30S subunit, causing misreading of the genetic code and inhibiting protein synthesis. This leads to the production of aberrant proteins and ultimately bacterial cell death. Amikacin is relatively resistant to aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, which is why it retains activity against many gentamicin- and tobramycin-resistant strains.
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| ln Vitro |
When treating infections brought on by germs resistant to other aminoglycosides, amikacin is unquestionably superior. Relatively few enzymes that alter aminoglycosides have an impact on amikacin. Amikacin is used to treat infections brought on by Mycobacterium avium intracellulare, Nocardia asteroides, and a few other "fast-growing" mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonae [1]. With an LD50 value of 453 μM, amikacin (100-1500 μM) consistently causes dose-dependent loss of zebrafish lateral line hair cells [3].
In vitro, amikacin hydrate demonstrates potent bactericidal activity against a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria, including strains resistant to other aminoglycosides. It is used to treat infections caused by Mycobacterium avium intracellulare, Nocardia asteroides, and other "fast-growing" mycobacteria. In zebrafish, amikacin (100-1500 μM) causes dose-dependent loss of lateral line hair cells with an LD50 of 453 μM. |
| ln Vivo |
Treatment with amikacin (320 mg/kg; subcutaneous injection; daily; for 10 days; male Fischer rats) increases the chance of severe hearing loss in rats [3].
In vivo, amikacin hydrate is a clinically used antibiotic for the treatment of serious Gram-negative infections, including those caused by resistant strains. It is also used for infections caused by susceptible Nocardia and non-tuberculous mycobacteria. In animal models, treatment with amikacin (320 mg/kg; subcutaneous injection; daily for 10 days) in male Fischer rats increases the risk of severe hearing loss. This ototoxicity is a well-known side effect of aminoglycosides. |
| Enzyme Assay |
Non-cellular in vitro assays for amikacin hydrate involve determining its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against bacterial strains. A standard protocol uses the broth microdilution method. A series of two-fold dilutions of amikacin is prepared in 96-well plates. Bacterial inoculum (e.g., E. coli, P. aeruginosa) is added to each well. The plates are incubated at 37°C for 18-24 hours. The MIC is the lowest concentration of amikacin that inhibits visible bacterial growth. The compound's activity against gentamicin-resistant strains can be assessed to confirm its utility.
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| Cell Assay |
Cellular assays for amikacin hydrate are not typical, as it is an antibiotic that acts on bacteria, not mammalian cells. However, toxicity studies can be performed using mammalian cell lines to assess ototoxicity or nephrotoxicity. For example, HEK-293 kidney cells or hair cell-like cell lines can be treated with varying concentrations of amikacin for 24-48 hours. Cell viability is measured using an MTT assay. The IC50 for cytotoxicity can be determined. Zebrafish lateral line hair cells are also used as a model for ototoxicity.
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| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: Male Fischer 344 rats (40-50 days old) [3]
Doses: 320 mg/kg Route of Administration: subcutaneous injection; daily; lasting for 10 days. Experimental Results: Caused hearing loss in rats. In vivo animal studies for amikacin hydrate are conducted in rodent models of bacterial infection. Mice or rats are infected with a pathogenic bacterium (e.g., E. coli, K. pneumoniae) via intraperitoneal or intravenous injection. Amikacin is administered subcutaneously or intravenously at doses such as 320 mg/kg. Survival rates, bacterial load in organs, and clinical signs of infection are monitored. Ototoxicity studies are also conducted, where hearing loss is assessed by auditory brainstem response (ABR) measurements. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Amikacin hydrate has a molecular weight of 603.62 and is a white to off-white solid powder. It is administered intravenously or intramuscularly in clinical settings. After administration, it is distributed to extracellular fluids, including the kidneys, inner ear, and cerebrospinal fluid. It is excreted unchanged by the kidneys via glomerular filtration. The elimination half-life is approximately 2-3 hours in patients with normal renal function. The drug is removed by hemodialysis.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Amikacin hydrate has significant toxicity, particularly ototoxicity (hearing loss) and nephrotoxicity (kidney damage). Ototoxicity is dose-dependent and can be irreversible. Nephrotoxicity is also dose-related and typically reversible upon discontinuation. The drug should be used with caution in patients with renal impairment. Neuromuscular blockade can occur, especially at high doses. The LD50 in zebrafish is 453 μM. Amikacin is pregnancy category D and should be avoided during pregnancy unless absolutely necessary.
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| References |
[1]. Edson, R.S. and C.L. Terrell, The aminoglycosides. Mayo Clin Proc, 1999. 74(5): p. 519-28.
[2]. Ristuccia AM, et al. An overview of amikacin. Ther Drug Monit. 1985;7(1):12-25. [3]. Siân R Kitcher, et al. ORC-13661 Protects Sensory Hair Cells From Aminoglycoside and Cisplatin Ototoxicity. JCI Insight. 2019 Aug 8;4(15):e126764. |
| Additional Infomation |
Amikacin hydrate is a clinically approved aminoglycoside antibiotic. It is a semisynthetic analog of kanamycin and is used for the treatment of serious Gram-negative infections, including those caused by gentamicin- and tobramycin-resistant strains. It is also used for infections caused by Nocardia and non-tuberculous mycobacteria. The drug is available in injectable formulations. Its primary clinical use is in hospitalized patients with severe infections, often in combination with other antibiotics. Amikacin is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines.
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| Molecular Formula |
C22H43N5O13.H2O
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
603.618
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| Exact Mass |
603.296
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| CAS # |
1257517-67-1
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| Related CAS # |
Amikacin disulfate;39831-55-5;Amikacin sulfate;149022-22-0;Amikacin;37517-28-5
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| PubChem CID |
16218899
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
14
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
18
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
10
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| Heavy Atom Count |
41
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| Complexity |
819
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
16
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| SMILES |
NCC[C@H](O)C(N[C@@H]1C[C@H](N)[C@@H](O[C@@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O2)CN)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O[C@@H]3[C@H](O)[C@@H](N)[C@H](O)[C@H](O3)CO)=O.O
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| InChi Key |
DTSOZYYWEZJFSS-XTHCGPPUSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C22H43N5O13.H2O/c23-2-1-8(29)20(36)27-7-3-6(25)18(39-22-16(34)15(33)13(31)9(4-24)37-22)17(35)19(7)40-21-14(32)11(26)12(30)10(5-28)38-21;/h6-19,21-22,28-35H,1-5,23-26H2,(H,27,36);1H2/t6-,7+,8-,9+,10+,11-,12+,13+,14+,15-,16+,17-,18+,19-,21+,22+;/m0./s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S)-4-amino-N-[(1R,2S,3S,4R,5S)-5-amino-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4-amino-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(aminomethyl)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]-2-hydroxybutanamide;hydrate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~244.79 mM)
DMSO :< 1 mg/mL |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.6567 mL | 8.2834 mL | 16.5667 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3313 mL | 1.6567 mL | 3.3133 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1657 mL | 0.8283 mL | 1.6567 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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