| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| 100mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
The primary target of Alafosfalin is UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase (MurA), an enzyme involved in the first step of peptidoglycan synthesis. By binding to the active site of MurA, it inhibits the transfer of enolpyruvate to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, thus preventing the formation of essential cell wall components. This leads to bacterial lysis and death. Alafosfalin is structurally similar to fosfomycin but has a dipeptide structure that may enhance uptake.
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| ln Vitro |
Alafosfalin has a strong anti-E effect. coli and somewhat active against Serratia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Citrobacter species; nevertheless, it is less potent than β-lactam against Gram-positive bacteria and inert against Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Indole-positive Proteobacteria [1].
In vitro, Alafosfalin demonstrates broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, with MIC values ranging from 0.5 to 16 µg/mL against various pathogens. It is effective against Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and some Gram-positive strains. Its activity is potentiated by the presence of certain permeability factors. The compound is relatively stable in biological fluids. |
| ln Vivo |
After subcutaneous treatment to rats, alaforin is rapidly absorbed with a half-life (t1/2) of around 20 minutes [2].
In vivo, Alafosfalin has been tested in animal models of infection, including mouse models of septicemia and urinary tract infections. Oral and parenteral administration resulted in dose-dependent bacterial clearance and survival benefit. However, its clinical development was limited due to pharmacokinetic and toxicity issues. It remains a research tool for studying MurA inhibition. |
| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for Alafosfalin measure its inhibition of MurA activity. The enzyme is incubated with the substrate UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and phosphoenolpyruvate, and the formation of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvate is monitored spectrophotometrically. The compound is added at various concentrations, and IC₅₀ is determined. Selectivity against mammalian enzymes is assessed.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for Alafosfalin involve susceptibility testing using standard broth microdilution methods. Bacterial cultures are treated with serial dilutions, and the MIC is determined. Time-kill curves are performed to assess bactericidal kinetics. Cytotoxicity against mammalian cells is also evaluated to determine therapeutic index.
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| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: Paired male SpragueDawley rats (250 to 350 g) [2]
Doses: 20, 100 and 500 mg/kg (single dose) or 800 mg/kg daily for 14 days (pharmacokinetic/PK/PK analysis) Give Drug: by sc Experimental Results: Rapidly absorbed; peak concentration reached within 20 minutes after administration, half-life approximately 20 minutes. In vivo animal studies for Alafosfalin use mouse models of infection. The compound is administered intravenously, intramuscularly, or orally. Efficacy is assessed by measuring survival or reducing bacterial burden in target organs (e.g., kidney, lung). Pharmacokinetic studies are conducted simultaneously to determine drug levels. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of Alafosfalin include rapid absorption and distribution, but it is also rapidly excreted via the kidneys, resulting in a short half-life. It has low protein binding. Its molecular weight is 226.17 g/mol. Storage is at -20°C. Further PK details are limited.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicity profile of Alafosfalin is not well documented, but as a research compound, it has been used in animal studies without significant toxicity at therapeutic doses. It may cause mild gastrointestinal effects. Safety precautions for handling antibiotics apply.
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| References |
[1]. H B Maruyama, et al. Alafosfalin, a New Inhibitor of Cell Wall Biosynthesis: In Vitro Activity Against Urinary Isolates in Japan and Potentiation With Beta-Lactams. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1979 Oct;16(4):444-51.
[2]. J G Allen, et al. Phosphonopeptides as Antibacterial Agents: Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of Alafosfalin in Animals and Humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1979 Sep;16(3):306-13. |
| Additional Infomation |
Additional information: Alafosfalin is also known as L-alanyl-L-1-aminoethylphosphonic acid. It is a fosfomycin analog. Its development has been discontinued, but it remains a useful tool for antibacterial research. This product is for research use only and is not approved for clinical or therapeutic applications.
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| Molecular Formula |
C5H13N2O4P
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
196.14152
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| Exact Mass |
196.061
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| CAS # |
60668-24-8
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| PubChem CID |
71957
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| LogP |
0.767
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
12
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| Complexity |
214
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
2
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| SMILES |
NC(C)C(NC(P(=O)(O)O)C)=O
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| InChi Key |
BHAYDBSYOBONRV-IUYQGCFVSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C5H13N2O4P/c1-3(6)5(8)7-4(2)12(9,10)11/h3-4H,6H2,1-2H3,(H,7,8)(H2,9,10,11)/t3-,4+/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
[(1R)-1-[[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]amino]ethyl]phosphonic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~250 mg/mL (~1274.60 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.0984 mL | 25.4920 mL | 50.9840 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.0197 mL | 5.0984 mL | 10.1968 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5098 mL | 2.5492 mL | 5.0984 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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