| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| 100mg |
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| Targets |
Ajugol targets multiple pathways including autophagy, inflammation, and parasitic infection. As an autophagy activator, it activates TFEB-mediated autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis. The compound has anti-inflammatory effects. It shows hepatoprotective activity against APAP-induced toxicity. Ajugol has anti-protozoal activity against Trypanosoma b. rhodesiense. Its potential applications include research in asthma, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and osteoarthritis.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, Ajugol demonstrates hepatoprotective activity against APAP-induced toxicity in human HepG2 cells, achieving a cell survival rate of 69.9% at a concentration of 10 µM after 48 hours of incubation. The compound has anti-protozoal activity against Trypanosoma b. rhodesiense with an IC50 of 31.8 μg/mL. Ajugol activates TFEB-mediated autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis. It has anti-inflammatory effects. The compound shows trypanocidal potential with IC50 values ranging from 29.3 to 73.0 μg/mL.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Ajugol has great potential in the research of asthma, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and osteoarthritis. As an autophagy activator, it activates TFEB-mediated autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis. The compound has anti-inflammatory effects and hepatoprotective activity. Further in vivo studies are ongoing to fully characterize its therapeutic potential. The compound is typically administered orally or via injection in preclinical studies.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Ajugol enzyme assays involve measuring autophagy activation via TFEB-mediated pathways. TFEB nuclear translocation is assessed by immunofluorescence or cellular fractionation followed by Western blot. Anti-protozoal activity is assessed by measuring inhibition of Trypanosoma b. rhodesiense growth and IC50 determination (31.8 μg/mL). Anti-inflammatory activity is measured by assessing inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Hepatoprotective activity is evaluated by measuring cell survival in APAP-treated HepG2 cells. Assays are performed in appropriate buffer systems with positive controls.
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| Cell Assay |
Ajugol cell-based assays are conducted in HepG2 cells, immune cells, and other relevant cell types. Cells are cultured in appropriate media at 37°C with 5% CO2 and treated with Ajugol at varying concentrations. Cell viability is assessed by MTT or CCK-8 assays. For hepatoprotection studies, cells are treated with APAP and Ajugol, and cell survival is measured. Autophagy activation is evaluated by monitoring LC3-II conversion, autophagosome formation, and lysosomal biogenesis. For anti-inflammatory studies, cytokine levels are measured by ELISA. Experiments are performed in triplicate with appropriate controls.
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| Animal Protocol |
Ajugol in vivo studies are conducted in animal models of asthma, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and osteoarthritis. Animals are treated with Ajugol via oral administration or injection. Disease progression is monitored by appropriate endpoints. For NAFLD studies, liver function and lipid metabolism are assessed. For asthma studies, airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness are evaluated. For osteoarthritis studies, joint inflammation and cartilage degradation are assessed. Dosing regimens are optimized based on pharmacokinetic data. Animals are monitored for clinical signs. Tissues and blood samples are collected for histopathological and biomarker analysis.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Ajugol (MW 348.35 g/mol, C15H24O9) is an iridoid glycoside. The compound is soluble in DMSO and other appropriate solvents. It is stable under recommended storage conditions. Ajugol is isolated from Leonurus artemisia. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as half-life, bioavailability, and tissue distribution would be determined in species-specific studies. The compound is typically used in pharmacological research for studying autophagy, inflammation, and parasitic infections.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Ajugol is generally well-tolerated in preclinical studies. The compound is a natural iridoid glycoside isolated from Leonurus artemisia. Its hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-protozoal activities have been demonstrated with acceptable safety profiles. No significant adverse effects have been reported in the available literature at research-use concentrations. The compound is intended for research use only. Standard safety precautions should be followed when handling. Comprehensive toxicological evaluation would be required for therapeutic development.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Ajugol is an iridoid monoterpene compound and glycoside. It has been reported to be found in Rehmannia glutinosa, Leonurus japonicus, and other organisms with relevant data.
Ajugol is an iridoid glycoside isolated from Leonurus artemisia that activates TFEB-mediated autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis. It has anti-inflammatory effects and shows hepatoprotective activity against APAP-induced toxicity (69.9% cell survival at 10 µM). Ajugol has anti-protozoal activity against Trypanosoma b. rhodesiense with an IC50 of 31.8 μg/mL. The compound has potential applications in asthma, NAFLD, and osteoarthritis research. All applications are limited to non-human research use. |
| Molecular Formula |
C15H24O9
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
348.3457
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| Exact Mass |
348.142
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| CAS # |
52949-83-4
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| PubChem CID |
6325127
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.6±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
582.3±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
305.9±30.1 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±3.7 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.639
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| LogP |
1.3
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
6
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
9
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
24
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| Complexity |
486
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
10
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| SMILES |
C[C@@]1(C[C@H]([C@H]2[C@@H]1[C@@H](OC=C2)O[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O3)CO)O)O)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
VELYAQRXBJLJAK-XKKWFBPMSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C15H24O9/c1-15(21)4-7(17)6-2-3-22-13(9(6)15)24-14-12(20)11(19)10(18)8(5-16)23-14/h2-3,6-14,16-21H,4-5H2,1H3/t6-,7+,8+,9+,10+,11-,12+,13-,14-,15-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(1S,4aR,5R,7S,7aS)-5,7-dihydroxy-7-methyl-4a,5,6,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-1-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ≥ 3.7 mg/mL (~10.62 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.8707 mL | 14.3534 mL | 28.7068 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5741 mL | 2.8707 mL | 5.7414 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2871 mL | 1.4353 mL | 2.8707 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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