| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0.6 μg (1.51 μM * 1.2 mL in Acetonitrile) |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
The molecular targets of Aflatoxin B1-13C17 are the same as those of unlabeled Aflatoxin B1, as the isotopic label does not affect the compound's biological activity. AFB1 is a potent hepatocarcinogen that targets the liver. After metabolic activation by cytochrome P450 enzymes (primarily CYP3A4 and CYP1A2) in the liver, AFB1 is converted to AFB1-8,9-epoxide, a highly reactive electrophilic intermediate. This epoxide forms covalent adducts with DNA, primarily at the N7 position of guanine residues. The major mutagenic lesion is a G-to-T transversion at the third position of codon 249 of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, which is a hallmark of hepatocellular carcinoma in regions with high aflatoxin exposure. AFB1 also targets proteins, forming adducts with serum albumin and other proteins, which can be used as biomarkers of exposure. The compound's ability to induce oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation also contributes to its carcinogenic effects.
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| ln Vitro |
Drug molecules have been modified to include stable heavy isotopes of carbon, hydrogen, and other elements, primarily as tracers that influence quantification during the drug development process. It is possible that the pharmacokinetics and functional range of medications contribute to the concern over mutagenesis [1].
In vitro activity of Aflatoxin B1-13C17 is primarily related to its use as an analytical standard rather than as a biologically active compound. The 13C-labeled compound is chemically identical to unlabeled AFB1 and exhibits the same biological activities, but it is used at tracer levels for analytical purposes, not at concentrations that would produce biological effects. In genotoxicity assays, AFB1 induces mutations in various test systems including the Ames test (using Salmonella typhimurium strains with metabolic activation), the micronucleus test, and the comet assay. In cell culture, AFB1 induces DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in hepatocytes and other cell types. The compound's IC50 for cytotoxicity in hepatocyte cell lines (e.g., HepG2) is typically in the low micromolar range (1-10 μM). AFB1 also induces the expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes and other detoxification enzymes through activation of the Nrf2 and AhR pathways. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo activity of Aflatoxin B1-13C17 is primarily related to its use as an internal standard for analytical quantification. The 13C-labeled compound is administered to animals or added to samples at known concentrations, and the ratio of labeled to unlabeled AFB1 is measured by mass spectrometry to quantify the amount of AFB1 present. In toxicology studies, AFB1 is a potent hepatocarcinogen in animal models, including rats, mice, and non-human primates. In rats, a single oral dose of AFB1 (0.5-1 mg/kg) produces hepatocellular carcinomas after 12-18 months. In mice, AFB1 is less potent as a hepatocarcinogen but induces lung tumors and other cancers. AFB1 also causes acute toxicity at high doses, characterized by hepatic necrosis, hemorrhage, and death. The LD50 of AFB1 in rats is approximately 5-10 mg/kg orally. The compound's carcinogenic effects are dose-dependent and are influenced by factors such as age, sex, and nutritional status.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For analytical quantification of Aflatoxin B1 using Aflatoxin B1-13C17 as an internal standard, the following protocol is used: samples (e.g., food extracts, serum, or tissue homogenates) are spiked with a known amount of Aflatoxin B1-13C17 (typically 0.1-10 ng/mL). The samples are then extracted using immunoaffinity columns, solid-phase extraction, or liquid-liquid extraction. The extracts are analyzed by LC-MS/MS using a C18 column and a mobile phase of methanol and water containing 0.1% formic acid, with gradient elution. The mass spectrometer is operated in positive ion mode, and the transitions m/z 313→285 for unlabeled AFB1 and m/z 330→301 for Aflatoxin B1-13C17 are monitored. The concentration of AFB1 in the sample is calculated from the peak area ratio of AFB1 to the internal standard, using a calibration curve prepared with known amounts of unlabeled AFB1 and a fixed amount of the internal standard. The limit of quantification is typically 0.01-0.1 ng/mL, depending on the sample matrix and the instrument sensitivity.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cell-based assays with AFB1 for toxicology studies, the following typical protocol is used: HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells or primary rat hepatocytes are cultured in appropriate media at 37°C in 5% CO₂. Cells are seeded in 96-well plates at 10,000-20,000 cells per well and allowed to adhere overnight. AFB1 is dissolved in DMSO and diluted in culture medium to final concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 100 μM (final DMSO ≤ 0.1%). Cells are treated for 24-72 hours, and cell viability is assessed using the MTT or CellTiter-Glo assay. For genotoxicity assessment, the comet assay is performed: cells are treated with AFB1 for 1-4 hours, harvested, embedded in agarose on slides, lysed, and subjected to electrophoresis. DNA damage is quantified by measuring comet tail length or tail moment. For assessment of DNA adduct formation, cells are treated with [³H]AFB1 or unlabeled AFB1, DNA is extracted, and AFB1-DNA adducts are quantified by HPLC or by immunoassay. For assessment of gene expression changes, RNA is extracted and qRT-PCR is performed for genes involved in DNA repair, apoptosis, and detoxification.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo animal studies with AFB1, the following general protocol is used for toxicology studies: male Fischer 344 rats (6-8 weeks old, 150-200 g) are used. AFB1 is dissolved in DMSO or corn oil and administered orally by gavage at doses of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg body weight, once daily for up to 4 weeks (for sub-chronic studies) or for up to 12 months (for carcinogenicity studies). Control animals receive vehicle only. Body weight and food consumption are monitored. Blood samples are collected for serum biochemistry (liver function tests: ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin). At the end of the study, animals are euthanized, and liver, kidney, lung, and other organs are collected for histopathological examination (H&E staining). Liver tumors are counted and sized. DNA is extracted from liver tissue for analysis of p53 mutations (particularly the codon 249 G-to-T transversion). For pharmacokinetic studies, blood and tissue samples are collected at various time points after AFB1 administration, and AFB1 and its metabolites are quantified by LC-MS/MS using Aflatoxin B1-13C17 as an internal standard.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Aflatoxin B1-13C17 is used as an internal standard for AFB1 quantification by GC- or LC-MS. AFB1 is a Class 1A carcinogen and a secondary metabolite of A. flavus and A. parasiticus. It has a molecular formula of C17H12O6 (13C-labeled) and a molecular weight of 329.27 g/mol. AFB1 primarily induces mutations through a G-to-T transversion at codon 249 of p53. Future research could focus on developing more sensitive and specific analytical methods for AFB1 detection, investigating the mechanisms of AFB1 carcinogenesis, and developing chemopreventive strategies to reduce AFB1-induced liver cancer.
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| References |
| Molecular Formula |
C17H12O6
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
329.148716926575
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| Exact Mass |
329.12
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| CAS # |
1217449-45-0
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| Related CAS # |
Aflatoxin B1;1162-65-8
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| PubChem CID |
71312442
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| Appearance |
Colorless to light yellow liquid
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| Flash Point |
2℃
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| LogP |
2.276
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
23
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| Complexity |
650
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
2
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| SMILES |
O1[13C]2=[13CH][13C](=[13C]3[13C]4=[13C]([13C](=O)O[13C]3=[13C]2[13C@@H]2[13CH]=[13CH]O[13C@H]12)[13C]([13CH2][13CH2]4)=O)O[13CH3]
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| InChi Key |
OQIQSTLJSLGHID-DENWKYDXSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C17H12O6/c1-20-10-6-11-14(8-4-5-21-17(8)22-11)15-13(10)7-2-3-9(18)12(7)16(19)23-15/h4-6,8,17H,2-3H2,1H3/t8-,17+/m0/s1/i1+1,2+1,3+1,4+1,5+1,6+1,7+1,8+1,9+1,10+1,11+1,12+1,13+1,14+1,15+1,16+1,17+1
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| Chemical Name |
(3S,7R)-11-(113C)methoxy-6,8,19-trioxapentacyclo[10.7.0.02,9.03,7.013,17]nonadeca-1,4,9,11,13(17)-pentaene-16,18-dione
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.0381 mL | 15.1906 mL | 30.3813 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6076 mL | 3.0381 mL | 6.0763 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3038 mL | 1.5191 mL | 3.0381 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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