| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1mg |
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| 100mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Secondary metabolite from Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus
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|---|---|
| ln Vivo |
The aflatoxin producing fungi, Aspergillus spp., are widely spread in nature and have severely contaminated food supplies of humans and animals, resulting in health hazards and even death. Therefore, there is great demand for aflatoxins research to develop suitable methods for their quantification, precise detection and control to ensure the safety of consumers' health. Here, the chemistry and biosynthesis process of the mycotoxins is discussed in brief along with their occurrence, and the health hazards to humans and livestock. This review focuses on resources, production, detection and control measures of aflatoxins to ensure food and feed safety. The review is informative for health-conscious consumers and research experts in the fields. Furthermore, providing knowledge on aflatoxins toxicity will help in ensure food safety and meet the future demands of the increasing population by decreasing the incidence of outbreaks due to aflatoxins [1].
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
To assess the rate at which four major aflatoxins (aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2) cross the rat small intestinal luminal membrane, we conducted a study on the intestinal absorption kinetics of these mycotoxins. In situ experiments showed that the absorption of aflatoxins in the rat small intestine is a very rapid process, following first-order kinetics, with absorption rate constants (ka) of 5.84 ± 0.05 for aflatoxin B1, 4.06 ± 0.09 for aflatoxin B2, 2.09 ± 0.03 for aflatoxin G1, and 1.58 ± 0.04 h⁻¹ for aflatoxin G2. Metabolites/Metabolites Aflatoxin G2… is a 9,10-dihydro derivative of aflatoxin G1. |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Carcinogenicity Evidence
Assessment: There is sufficient evidence to suggest that naturally occurring mixtures of aflatoxins are carcinogenic to humans. …There is sufficient evidence to suggest that naturally occurring mixtures of aflatoxins, as well as aflatoxins B1, G1, and M1, are carcinogenic to laboratory animals. Overall Assessment: Naturally occurring aflatoxins are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). /Naturally Occurring Aflatoxins/ Aflatoxins: Known as human carcinogens. /Aflatoxins/ Adverse Reactions Occupational Hepatotoxic Toxins - Group 2 Hepatotoxic Toxins: Potential toxic effects in the occupational environment based on human ingestion cases or animal studies. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Carcinogens - Group 1: Chemical substances classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as identified human carcinogens. 2724362 Duck LD50 Oral 2450 ug/kg Nature., 200(1101), 1963 2724362 Duck LD50 Not Reported 1420 ug/kg Gekkan Yakuji. Pharmaceuticals Monthly., 23(1327), 1981 |
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Aflatoxin G2 is a very light, fluffy crystalline solid exhibiting blue-green fluorescence. (NTP, 1992)
Aflatoxin G2 belongs to the coumarin class of compounds. Aflatoxin G2 has been reported to be found in Aspergillus nomi, licorice, and other organisms with relevant data. Mechanism of Action Among the four major aflatoxins tested, the order of inhibition against RNA polymerase II was: B1 > G1 > B1 > G2. To assess the inhibitory strength of each mycotoxin, we analyzed the phagocytic activity of rat peritoneal macrophages exposed to different concentrations and durations of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, B2a, and M1, their intracellular killing effect on Candida albicans, and the production of superoxide. All aflatoxins at very low concentrations inhibited macrophage function. Macrophages exposed to aflatoxin B1 and M1 showed the most significant impairment in phagocytosis, intracellular killing, and spontaneous superoxide production. |
| Molecular Formula |
C17H14O7
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
330.2889
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| Exact Mass |
330.074
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| Elemental Analysis |
C, 61.82; H, 4.27; O, 33.91
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| CAS # |
7241-98-7
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| Related CAS # |
Aflatoxin G2-13C17;1217462-49-1
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| PubChem CID |
2724362
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.55 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
602.5ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
237-240ºC
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| Flash Point |
269.6ºC
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| Index of Refraction |
1.654
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| LogP |
1.736
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
7
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
24
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| Complexity |
626
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
2
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| SMILES |
COC1=C2C3=C(C(=O)OCC3)C(=O)OC2=C4[C@@H]5CCO[C@@H]5OC4=C1
|
| InChi Key |
WPCVRWVBBXIRMA-WNWIJWBNSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C17H14O7/c1-20-9-6-10-12(8-3-5-22-17(8)23-10)14-11(9)7-2-4-21-15(18)13(7)16(19)24-14/h6,8,17H,2-5H2,1H3/t8-,17+/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(3S,7R)-11-methoxy-6,8,16,20-tetraoxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.03,7.013,18]icosa-1,9,11,13(18)-tetraene-17,19-dione
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| Synonyms |
AFLATOXIN G2; 7241-98-7; Dihydroaflatoxin G1; UNII-2MS0D8WA29; 2MS0D8WA29; CCRIS 4936; HSDB 3456; EINECS 230-643-4;
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.0276 mL | 15.1382 mL | 30.2764 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6055 mL | 3.0276 mL | 6.0553 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3028 mL | 1.5138 mL | 3.0276 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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