Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
This study describes the behavior of the dual-labeled drug adifenine in the rat brain. Macroscopic autoradiography revealed brain images at different time points post-injection. Several metabolites were identified at the brain tissue level, and the drug's crossing of the blood-brain barrier was compared with that of tritized water. The data provided very interesting clues about blood-brain distribution and brain tissue metabolism. High-performance liquid chromatography, macroscopic autoradiography, and tissue autoradiography can visualize drug fixation in brain tissue, thus revealing its mechanism of action. This study also investigated the distribution of dual-site labeled [14C]diethylethanolamine hydrochloride and [14C]diphenylacetic acid in rats and mice after intravenous injection and compared it with these. A biphasic decrease in blood radioactivity was observed. Bile excretion depends on the administered 14C-labeled compound: less than 5% was excreted from the diethylethanolamine moiety, while 100% was excreted from the carboxyl moiety. Less than 1% of the radioactivity observed in rat bile was associated with unmetabolized adefenine. …Shortly after administration, brain tissue uptake of [14C]-adefenine was 15 times higher than in the blood. Radioactivity was also found in the pituitary gland, adrenal glands, and melanin-like pigments at concentrations 30 times higher than in the blood. Metabolites/Metabolites: The major metabolites isolated from rat urine following a single administration of (14C)-adefenine or (3H)-adefenine were identified by chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and compared with chemically synthesized standard reference compounds. Aldefenine is primarily metabolized via ester bond hydrolysis to diethylaminoethanol, diphenylacetic acid, diphenylacetic acid glucuronide, and small amounts of the corresponding glycine and glutamine conjugates. Following intravenous injection, researchers investigated the distribution of 14H-labeled adefenine at two sites in rats and mice… Preliminary metabolic studies identified three major metabolites: diphenylacetic acid, diethylethanolamine, and diphenylacetic acid glucuronide. Biological Half-Life: Male Wistar rats were intravenously injected with 15 μmol/kg of 3H-labeled adefenine. The concentrations of the parent drug in plasma and brain tissue were determined. Elimination of the 3H-labeled compound from plasma was monophasic, with a half-life of 13 minutes. The parent drug was still detectable in plasma within 30 minutes post-injection. The concentration changes of unmetabolized drug in the brain paralleled those in plasma, with half-lives ranging from 9 to 12 minutes. In all experiments, the concentrations of unmetabolized aldefenamine in the brain and plasma were highly correlated.

Interactions
Although this drug has relatively low toxicity, it should not be used consecutively with morphine; concomitant use appears to cause anxiety and tachycardia. /Adefenine Hydrochloride/
In albino rats poisoned by anabacinth sulfate via gastric tube instillation of 346, 519, and 692 mg/kg, intramuscular injection of the antispasmodic drug (adefenine hydrochloride) and tropicamide was administered. The LD50 of anabacinth sulfate treated with adefenine hydrochloride was determined to be 570 mg/kg, and the LD50 of anabacinth sulfate treated with tropicamide was 403 mg/kg. The LD16 and LD84 values of adefenine hydrochloride and tropicamide were 460 and 712 mg/kg, and 288 and 498 mg/kg, respectively. Intramuscular injection of 20 mg/kg doses of adefenine hydrochloride and tropicamide reduced the LD50 of anabacinth sulfate by 271% and 191%, respectively. /Aldefenine Hydrochloride/

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Non-human Toxicity Values
Rat intravenous LD50: 27 mg/kg
Mice oral LD50: 600 mg/kg
Mice subcutaneous LD50: 400 mg/kg
Mice intravenous LD50: 21.5 mg/kg
For more complete non-human toxicity data for aldefenine (6 out of 6), please visit the HSDB record page.

[1]. Local anesthetics noncompetitively inhibit function of four distinct nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Dec;299(3):1038-48.

[2]. The local anaesthetics proadifen and adiphenine inhibit nicotinic receptors by different molecular mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol, 2009. 157(5): p. 804-17.

[3]. Anticonvulsant properties of procaine, cocaine, adiphenine and related structures. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1955 Oct;90(1):192-5.

[4]. Adiphenine plasma levels and blood-brain barrier crossing in the rat. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet, 1985. 10(4): p. 273-8.

2,2-Diphenylacetic acid 2-(diethylamino)ethyl ester is a diarylmethane.

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Therapeutic Uses
Parasympathetic Nerve Blocker
Veterinary Drug: A smooth muscle relaxant used to treat spasms of the urinary system or gastrointestinal tract.
Adifenine has been used to relieve symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders characterized by spasms; gallbladder and bile duct spasms; dysmenorrhea; ureteral colic; and neurogenic bladder and certain other types of dysuria.
Difenine Hydrochloride
.../IT/ can relieve spasms of the gastrointestinal tract, biliary tract, ureter, and uterus without the effects of atropine-specific effects on salivary glands, sweat glands, gastric glands, eyes, or cardiovascular system, unless in large doses. Difenine Hydrochloride
For more complete data on the therapeutic uses of difenine (10 in total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Drug Warning
Although this drug has relatively low toxicity, it should not be used consecutively with morphine; the combination appears to cause anxiety and tachycardia. Difening Hydrochloride

311.418

311.189

64-95-9

50-42-0(HCL)

2031

Typically exists as solid at room temperature

1.052g/cm3

423ºC at 760 mmHg

Crystals. MP: 113-114 °C; Readily soluble in water; very sparingly soluble in alcohol, ether /Hydrochloride/

133.2ºC

1.544

3.703

0

3

9

23

311

0

CCN(CC)CCOC(=O)C(C1=CC=CC=C1)C2=CC=CC=C2

JGOAIQNSOGZNBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C20H25NO2/c1-3-21(4-2)15-16-23-20(22)19(17-11-7-5-8-12-17)18-13-9-6-10-14-18/h5-14,19H,3-4,15-16H2,1-2H3

2-(diethylamino)ethyl 2,2-diphenylacetate

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)