| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg | |||
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| Targets |
Acifluorfen-methyl specifically targets protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox, PPO), an essential enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of heme and chlorophyll. Protox catalyzes the oxidation of protoporphyrinogen IX to protoporphyrin IX, a key step in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. By inhibiting this enzyme, Acifluorfen-methyl causes the accumulation of protoporphyrin IX, which, upon exposure to light, generates reactive oxygen species that lead to rapid membrane peroxidation, cell leakage, and photobleaching. This mechanism is highly selective for plants.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, Acifluorfen-methyl acts as a potent inhibitor of plant protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox). In enzyme activity assays, the compound inhibits Protox in a concentration-dependent manner, leading to the accumulation of protoporphyrin IX. This accumulation can be measured fluorometrically, as protoporphyrin IX is highly fluorescent. In isolated chloroplasts or plant cell cultures, treatment with Acifluorfen-methyl results in dose-dependent photobleaching, reduced chlorophyll content, and decreased photosynthetic activity. The compound demonstrates high selectivity for plant Protox over the mammalian enzyme.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Acifluorfen-methyl is active as a post-emergence herbicide in plants. When applied to the foliage of susceptible weeds, the compound is absorbed through the leaf surface and translocated to the growing points. Upon exposure to sunlight, the accumulated protoporphyrin IX generates reactive oxygen species, leading to rapid membrane damage, lipid peroxidation, and cell death. Visible symptoms include leaf wilting, necrosis, and complete photobleaching of treated tissues within 24-48 hours. It is effective against a broad spectrum of broadleaf weeds.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For non-cell-based enzyme inhibition assays, recombinant plant protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox) is expressed and purified. The enzyme is incubated with varying concentrations of Acifluorfen-methyl (0.1-10,000 nM) in an assay buffer (50 mM K2HPO4, pH 7.5, 0.1% Tween-80, 1 mM DTT, and 10 uM FAD). The reaction is initiated by the addition of the substrate protoporphyrinogen IX. After incubation at 30degC for 10 minutes, the reaction is stopped by the addition of an ice-cold acetone/1N NH4OH (9:1) mixture. The amount of protoporphyrin IX produced is measured fluorometrically (excitation 410 nm, emission 630 nm). The IC50 is calculated.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro plant cell assays, cultured plant cells (e.g., tobacco BY-2 or soybean cells) are grown in suspension culture. Cells are treated with varying concentrations of Acifluorfen-methyl (0.1-100 uM) for 4-24 hours. After treatment, chlorophyll content is extracted with 80% acetone and quantified spectrophotometrically. Cell viability is assessed using fluorescein diacetate (FDA) staining or Evans blue exclusion. The EC50 for photobleaching and cell death is calculated. Light exposure (100-200 umol/m2/s) is required for activity.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo herbicide efficacy studies, a standard greenhouse assay is used. Seeds of target weeds (e.g., Amaranthus retroflexus or Chenopodium album) and crop plants are sown in pots. At the 2-4 leaf stage, Acifluorfen-methyl is applied at various rates (e.g., 50-500 g ai/ha) using a laboratory sprayer calibrated to deliver 200 L/ha. A non-ionic surfactant (0.25% v/v) is included. Control plants receive water only. Treated plants are placed in a greenhouse with natural or supplemental lighting. Phytotoxicity is assessed visually at 3, 7, and 14 days after treatment using a 0-100% scale, where 0 = no injury and 100 = complete kill. Fresh and dry weights are recorded at 14 days.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Acifluorfen-methyl is a herbicide, not a pharmaceutical, and its pharmacokinetics are studied in plants. Following foliar application, the compound is absorbed through the cuticle and translocated primarily via the phloem to meristematic tissues. In plants, it is metabolized by cleavage of the methyl ester to form the free acid (acifluorfen), which is the active Protox inhibitor. The half-life in plants is typically 2-7 days. In soil, Acifluorfen-methyl is rapidly degraded by microbial activity with a half-life of 7-30 days depending on soil conditions.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
A toxicological assessment of Acifluorfen-methyl has been conducted for its use as a herbicide. It is classified as a moderate acute toxicity compound (WHO Class III) for mammals. The oral LD50 in rats is >2000 mg/kg. It is a skin and eye irritant. There is no evidence of carcinogenicity or genotoxicity. Acifluorfen-methyl is toxic to aquatic organisms (algae, daphnia, fish) and should not be released into waterways. It has low toxicity to birds and bees. It is not intended for human use. Safety data sheets recommend using appropriate personal protective equipment when handling the compound.
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| Additional Infomation |
Acifluorfen-methyl is a diphenyl ether herbicide that acts as a protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox) inhibitor. It is classified as a photosystem II inhibitor due to its secondary effects on photosynthesis, though its primary mechanism is Protox inhibition. The compound is used in agriculture for post-emergence control of broadleaf weeds in soybeans, peanuts, and other crops. It is often formulated with other herbicides for broad-spectrum weed control. Acifluorfen-methyl is not used in human medicine and is strictly for research and agricultural use. It is not approved for human consumption.
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| Molecular Formula |
C15H9NO5F3CL
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
375.68386
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| Exact Mass |
375.012
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| CAS # |
50594-67-7
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| PubChem CID |
91642
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| Appearance |
White to off-white Solid-Liquid Mixture
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| Density |
1.5±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
392.3±42.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
191.0±27.9 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.9 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.547
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| LogP |
4.32
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
8
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
4
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| Heavy Atom Count |
25
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| Complexity |
499
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
COC(C1C([N+](=O)[O-])=CC=C(OC2=C(Cl)C=C(C(F)(F)F)C=C2)C=1)=O
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| InChi Key |
AHGMXAFUHVRQAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C15H9ClF3NO5/c1-24-14(21)10-7-9(3-4-12(10)20(22)23)25-13-5-2-8(6-11(13)16)15(17,18)19/h2-7H,1H3
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| Chemical Name |
methyl 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~125 mg/mL (~332.73 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.6618 mL | 13.3092 mL | 26.6184 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5324 mL | 2.6618 mL | 5.3237 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2662 mL | 1.3309 mL | 2.6618 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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