| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
The molecular targets of nepasaikosaponin K include various enzymes and signaling pathways involved in inflammation and immune regulation. Saikosaponins are known to inhibit NF-κB activation, reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and modulate T-cell and macrophage function. They may also affect the arachidonic acid pathway and other inflammatory mediators. The specific binding partners and mechanisms of action require further elucidation through biochemical studies.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro studies have demonstrated the biological activities of saikosaponins. Anti-inflammatory activity has been shown through inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and suppression of inflammatory mediators (iNOS, COX-2). Immunomodulatory effects have been observed on T-cell proliferation and macrophage function. Hepatoprotective effects have been demonstrated in cell-based models of liver injury. Anticancer activity has been shown against various cancer cell lines.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo studies have shown the efficacy of saikosaponins in animal models of various diseases. Hepatoprotective effects have been demonstrated in models of liver injury induced by toxins or alcohol. Anti-inflammatory effects have been observed in models of acute and chronic inflammation. Immunomodulatory effects have been shown in models of autoimmune diseases. Anticancer activity has been demonstrated in tumor xenograft models. Specific in vivo data for nepasaikosaponin K are available in the natural product literature.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For anti-inflammatory assays, macrophages or other cells are stimulated with LPS or other inflammatory stimuli in the presence of nepasaikosaponin K. Cytokine production is measured by ELISA, and inflammatory mediators are assessed by Western blotting or qPCR. NF-κB activation is assessed by reporter gene assays or by measuring phosphorylated IκBα and p65. For hepatoprotection studies, hepatocytes are treated with the compound and then exposed to hepatotoxic agents.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cell-based studies, hepatocytes (e.g., HepG2 cells), macrophages (e.g., RAW 264.7), or cancer cell lines are used depending on the application. Cells are cultured in appropriate media and treated with serial dilutions of nepasaikosaponin K. Cell viability is assessed using MTT or other assays. Markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, or apoptosis are measured by Western blotting, ELISA, or qPCR. Standard protocols for these assays are described in the literature.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for nepasaikosaponin K typically use mouse or rat models. For hepatoprotection, animals are treated with the compound and then challenged with CCl₄ or other hepatotoxins. Serum liver enzymes (ALT, AST) are measured, and liver histology is examined. For anti-inflammatory studies, carrageenan-induced paw edema or other models are used. For immunomodulation studies, models of autoimmune disease or immune responses are used. The compound is administered via oral or intraperitoneal routes.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of nepasaikosaponin K have not been extensively characterized. As a triterpenoid saponin with a large molecular weight and polar glycoside moieties, it is expected to have poor oral bioavailability. Saponins are generally poorly absorbed and are metabolized by the gut microbiota. Specific PK parameters such as half-life, clearance, and bioavailability have not been reported. Further pharmacokinetic studies are needed.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for nepasaikosaponin K are limited. As a natural product saponin, it may have moderate toxicity at high doses, as saponins can cause hemolysis and gastrointestinal irritation. However, saikosaponins are used in traditional medicine and are generally considered safe at therapeutic doses. Systematic toxicological studies have not been published for nepasaikosaponin K specifically. Standard safety assessments would be needed for therapeutic development.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Nepasaikosaponin K is a research compound used in studies of triterpenoid saponins and their pharmacological activities. It is isolated from Bupleurum species, which are used in traditional East Asian medicine for the treatment of inflammatory and liver disorders. The compound may be used as a reference standard for natural product analysis or as a tool for studying anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and hepatoprotective mechanisms. No clinical trials or therapeutic applications have been reported specifically for nepasaikosaponin K.
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| Molecular Formula |
C48H80O18
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|---|---|
| Exact Mass |
944.534
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| CAS # |
405229-61-0
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| PubChem CID |
101098620
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| LogP |
0.9
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
12
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
18
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
10
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| Heavy Atom Count |
66
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| Complexity |
1750
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
25
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| SMILES |
C[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O1)O[C@@H]2[C@H](O[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]2O)O)O[C@H]3CC[C@]4([C@H]([C@]3(C)CO)CC[C@@]5([C@@H]4CC=C6[C@]5(C[C@@H]([C@@]7([C@H]6CC(CC7)(C)C)CO)O)C)C)C)CO[C@H]8[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O8)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
BHFXAIXRWOFWOS-XRWUOUDGSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C48H80O18/c1-22-31(53)33(55)37(59)41(62-22)66-39-26(19-61-40-36(58)34(56)32(54)25(18-49)63-40)64-42(38(60)35(39)57)65-30-11-12-44(4)27(45(30,5)20-50)10-13-46(6)28(44)9-8-23-24-16-43(2,3)14-15-48(24,21-51)29(52)17-47(23,46)7/h8,22,24-42,49-60H,9-21H2,1-7H3/t22-,24-,25+,26+,27+,28+,29-,30-,31-,32+,33+,34-,35+,36+,37+,38+,39+,40+,41-,42-,44-,45-,46+,47+,48+/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-6-[[(3S,4R,4aR,6aR,6bS,8S,8aS,12aS,14aR,14bR)-8-hydroxy-4,8a-bis(hydroxymethyl)-4,6a,6b,11,11,14b-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydropicen-3-yl]oxy]-4,5-dihydroxy-2-[[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-3-yl]oxy-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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