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| 100mg |
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| 500mg |
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NADPH is the reduced form of NADP⁺ and functions as a cofactor and reducing agent in numerous cellular reactions. NADPH serves as the primary electron donor for reductive biosynthetic reactions, including fatty acid synthesis, cholesterol synthesis, and nucleotide synthesis. NADPH is also essential for maintaining cellular redox homeostasis through the regeneration of glutathione (GSH) from oxidized glutathione (GSSG) via glutathione reductase. The pentose phosphate pathway is a major source of NADPH production in cells, converting glucose-6-phosphate to ribulose-5-phosphate while generating NADPH. NADPH is also required for the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes and for the production of nitric oxide by nitric oxide synthases. The compound's role as a reducing agent makes it essential for protecting cells from oxidative damage.
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| ln Vitro |
NADPH is used as a cofactor and reducing agent in numerous in vitro biochemical assays. The compound is required for the activity of many enzymes, including glutathione reductase, thioredoxin reductase, and cytochrome P450 reductases. In lipid synthesis assays, NADPH provides the reducing equivalents required for fatty acid synthase and other lipid biosynthetic enzymes. In nucleic acid synthesis, NADPH is required for the production of deoxyribonucleotides via ribonucleotide reductase. NADPH is also used in assays to measure enzyme activities, to study metabolic pathways, and to investigate cellular redox biology. The compound's activity as a reducing agent makes it a critical component of many biochemical experiments.
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| ln Vivo |
NADPH plays a critical role in maintaining cellular redox balance and protecting cells from oxidative stress in vivo. By providing reducing equivalents for glutathione regeneration, NADPH enables cells to detoxify reactive oxygen species and maintain a reduced intracellular environment. NADPH is also required for the biosynthesis of lipids, nucleic acids, and other essential cellular components. The pentose phosphate pathway is a major source of NADPH production in vivo, and defects in NADPH production are associated with various pathological conditions. NADPH is also essential for the activity of immune cells, which require NADPH oxidase to produce reactive oxygen species for killing pathogens.
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| Enzyme Assay |
NADPH is typically used as a cofactor in enzymatic assays and metabolic studies. In enzyme activity assays, NADPH is added to reaction mixtures containing the enzyme of interest and its substrate. The consumption of NADPH can be monitored spectrophotometrically at 340 nm, as NADPH absorbs light at this wavelength while NADP⁺ does not. This property makes NADPH a convenient substrate for continuous monitoring of enzyme activities. In assays where NADPH is produced (such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase assays), the increase in absorbance at 340 nm is measured. The compound is typically dissolved in appropriate buffers (such as Tris-HCl or phosphate buffer) at physiological pH.
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| Cell Assay |
NADPH is used in a variety of cellular assays to study metabolism and redox biology. In cell-based assays, NADPH levels can be measured using enzymatic cycling assays or LC-MS to assess cellular redox status. The ratio of NADPH to NADP⁺ is an important indicator of cellular redox balance. NADPH-dependent enzyme activities can be measured in cell lysates using substrate consumption or product formation assays. The compound can also be added to cell culture media to study the effects of exogenous NADPH on cellular metabolism. However, NADPH is membrane-impermeant and cannot be directly taken up by cells, so cell-permeable derivatives or alternative delivery methods are required for intracellular studies.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo studies involving NADPH typically focus on measuring NADPH levels or studying NADPH-dependent metabolic pathways. Animal models are used to investigate the role of NADPH in various physiological and pathological processes, including diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Tissues are collected and processed for NADPH quantification using enzymatic cycling assays or LC-MS. The activity of NADPH-producing enzymes (such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) and NADPH-consuming enzymes (such as glutathione reductase) can be assessed in tissue homogenates. NADPH is not typically administered as a therapeutic agent in vivo due to its membrane impermeability and rapid metabolism.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
NADPH is a naturally occurring coenzyme that is endogenously produced in all cells and is not a drug candidate. The compound is supplied as a research reagent with ≥98% purity. NADPH is unstable in solution and should be prepared fresh before use or stored frozen in aliquots. The compound is sensitive to light, heat, and pH extremes. NADPH free acid has a molecular weight of 745.42 and a molecular formula of C21H30N7O17P3. Related CAS numbers include 604-79-5 (oxidized form, NADP⁺), 2646-71-1 (sodium salt), 100929-71-3 (ammonium salt), and 100929-71-3 (tetrabutylammonium salt).
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
NADPH is the reduced form of NADP⁺ and functions as an essential reducing agent and cofactor in numerous cellular reactions. NADPH is critical for anabolic metabolism, providing reducing equivalents for the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, and nucleotides. NADPH is also essential for maintaining cellular redox homeostasis through the regeneration of glutathione, protecting cells from oxidative damage. The pentose phosphate pathway is a major source of NADPH production, and defects in NADPH production are associated with various pathological conditions including diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. NADPH is supplied as a research reagent for biochemical and cell biology studies. The compound is also available in various salt forms and is used in a wide range of applications including enzyme assays, metabolic studies, and redox biology research.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
NADPH is the reduced form of NADP+, used in anabolic reactions such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent. It is an important metabolite and cofactor. It is both NAD(P)H and NADP+. It is the conjugate acid of NADPH(4-). NADPH is a metabolite found or produced in Escherichia coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain). NADPH has also been reported in humans, cattle, and fission yeast, but the relevant data are unclear. NADPH is a metabolite found or produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate 2',5'-bisphosphate via a pyrophosphate bond. It acts as an electron carrier in various reactions, alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th edition)
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| Molecular Formula |
C21H30N7O17P3
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| Molecular Weight |
745.42
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| Exact Mass |
745.091
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| Elemental Analysis |
C, 33.84; H, 4.06; N, 13.15; O, 36.49; P, 12.47
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| CAS # |
53-57-6
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| Related CAS # |
53-57-6 (free acid);604-79-5 (oxidized);2646-71-1 (sodium);100929-71-3 (ammonium); 100929-71-3 (Cy4N);
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| PubChem CID |
5884
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
2.3±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
1175.1±75.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
664.5±37.1 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.3 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.849
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| LogP |
-5.93
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
9
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
22
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
13
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| Heavy Atom Count |
48
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| Complexity |
1410
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
8
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| SMILES |
C1C=CN(C=C1C(=O)N)C2C(C(C(O2)COP(=O)(O)OP(=O)(O)OCC3C(C(C(O3)N4C=NC5=C(N=CN=C54)N)OP(=O)(O)O)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
ACFIXJIJDZMPPO-NNYOXOHSSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C21H30N7O17P3/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(44-46(33,34)35)14(30)11(43-21)6-41-48(38,39)45-47(36,37)40-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(42-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)32/h1,3-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-31H,2,5-6H2,(H2,23,32)(H,36,37)(H,38,39)(H2,22,24,25)(H2,33,34,35)/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), 2'-(dihydrogen phosphate), P'->5'-ester with 1,4-dihydro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide
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| Synonyms |
Codehydrase II reduced; Codehydrogenase II reduced; Coenzyme II reduced; Cozymase II reduced; Dihydrocodehydrogenase II.
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.3415 mL | 6.7076 mL | 13.4153 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.2683 mL | 1.3415 mL | 2.6831 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1342 mL | 0.6708 mL | 1.3415 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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