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| Targets |
Ginsenoside Rg4 targets multiple signaling pathways. It activates PI3K, AKT, and GSK-3β signaling. The compound inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduces inflammatory cytokine levels. Its targets also include the TNF receptor and interleukin-related pathways. The compound's mechanism involves modulation of these signaling cascades to exert anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects.
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| ln Vitro |
Ginsenoside Rg4 demonstrates significant in vitro anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reducing levels of inflammatory cytokines. It activates PI3K, AKT, and GSK-3β signaling pathways in cultured cells. The compound exhibits antioxidant, anti-diabetic, wound healing, immune-stimulatory, and anti-septic properties in vitro. These activities make it valuable for research on inflammation and metabolic diseases.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo activity of ginsenoside Rg4 has been demonstrated in animal models of sepsis and lung inflammation, where it reduces inflammatory cytokine levels and inhibits ROS. The compound's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects contribute to its protective effects in these models. It also shows potential for neuroprotective and cardiovascular benefits in vivo. Further studies are needed to fully characterize its therapeutic potential.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme/receptor binding assays for ginsenoside Rg4 involve measuring its activation of PI3K, AKT, and GSK-3β signaling using kinase activity assays or Western blotting for phosphorylated proteins. Its antioxidant activity is assessed using ROS detection assays such as DCFH-DA fluorescence. Cytokine levels are measured using ELISA or multiplex assays.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays for ginsenoside Rg4 involve treating cultured cells (e.g., macrophages, epithelial cells) with the compound and measuring ROS production using fluorescent probes. Inflammatory cytokine levels are quantified by ELISA. Cell viability and proliferation are assessed using MTT or other assays. Activation of PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling is evaluated by Western blotting for phosphorylated proteins.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments for ginsenoside Rg4 involve administering the compound to animal models of sepsis or lung inflammation. Efficacy is evaluated by measuring inflammatory cytokine levels in serum or tissues, assessing ROS production, and evaluating histopathological changes. The compound's neuroprotective and cardiovascular effects can be assessed in appropriate disease models.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic data for ginsenoside Rg4 are limited in the available literature. As a ginsenoside, it may have limited oral bioavailability due to poor absorption and extensive metabolism. The compound's distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties have not been extensively characterized. Further pharmacokinetic studies are needed to determine its systemic exposure and elimination pathways.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for ginsenoside Rg4 are limited. As a natural product-derived compound, it is generally considered to have low toxicity, but comprehensive toxicological studies have not been reported. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be followed when handling this compound. It is intended for research use only and is not for human therapeutic application.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Ginsenoside Rg4 (CAS#: 126223-28-7) is a protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside from Panax ginseng leaves with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-stimulatory activities. Its molecular formula is C42H70O12 with a molecular weight of 767.00. The compound activates PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling and inhibits ROS and inflammatory cytokines. It is used for research on inflammation, infection, and metabolic diseases.
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| Molecular Formula |
C42H70O12
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
767.00
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| Exact Mass |
766.486
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| CAS # |
126223-28-7
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| PubChem CID |
131751194
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.3±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
860.2±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
177 - 181 °C
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| Flash Point |
474.0±34.3 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.6 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.591
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| LogP |
8.37
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
8
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
12
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
8
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| Heavy Atom Count |
54
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| Complexity |
1400
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(C(OC2OC3CC4(C(CC(C5C4(CCC5/C(=C/CC=C(C)C)/C)C)O)C6(C3C(C(CC6)O)(C)C)C)C)CO)O)O)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
QOMBXPYXWGTFNR-CIAFOILYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C42H70O12/c1-20(2)11-10-12-21(3)23-13-16-41(8)29(23)24(44)17-27-40(7)15-14-28(45)39(5,6)36(40)25(18-42(27,41)9)52-38-35(33(49)31(47)26(19-43)53-38)54-37-34(50)32(48)30(46)22(4)51-37/h11-12,22-38,43-50H,10,13-19H2,1-9H3/b21-12+
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| Chemical Name |
2-[2-[[3,12-dihydroxy-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-17-[(2E)-6-methylhepta-2,5-dien-2-yl]-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-6-yl]oxy]-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.3038 mL | 6.5189 mL | 13.0378 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.2608 mL | 1.3038 mL | 2.6076 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1304 mL | 0.6519 mL | 1.3038 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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