Metalloporphyrin

It has also been demonstrated that Ga(III)protoporphyrin-IX binds to proteins and enzymes that contain heme when added to the cellular growth medium of the Grampositive bacteria Enterococcus faecalis, which does not require heme to develop. Ga(III)protoporphyrin-IX has demonstrated heme mimicking capabilities and may find use in heme substitution or replacement[1].

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Ga(III)protoporphyrin-IX (Ga-PP) has been proposed as a model for the key interporphyrin interactions in malaria pigment. Unlike the paramagnetic parent iron heme derivatives, Ga-PP is readily soluble in methanol (MeOH). We report optical, mass spectroscopic, and theoretical results for Ga-PP as well as its reactions with myoglobin. UV-visible absorption and MCD spectroscopy show that Ga-PP exhibits a typical spectrum for a main group metal: a Q-band at 539 nm and a B band at 406 nm when dissolved in MeOH. We also report optical data for Zn(II)protoporphyrin IX (Zn-PP) dissolved in MeOH, which exhibits a Q-band at 545 nm and a B band at 415 nm. ESI mass spectral data for Ga-PP dissolved in MeOH show the presence of predominantly monomers, with smaller fractions of dimers [(Ga-PP)(2)] and trimers. UV-visible and MCD absorption spectroscopy and ESI mass spectral data demonstrate the successful insertion of monomeric Ga-PP into apo-Mb. Ga-PP-Mb exhibits a B band at 417 nm and Q bands at 545 and 584 nm, which are all red-shifted from the free Ga-PP values. The calculated electronic structures and frontier molecular orbitals of Ga-PP, (Ga-PP)(2) and Zn-PP fit the previously reported trends in band energies and oscillator strengths as a function of molecular orbital energies. These new data can be applied to explain the experimentally observed optical spectroscopy. The observed Q-band energies are accounted for by calculated (HOMO-LUMO) gap of the frontier MOs, while the split in the two top occupied MOs accounts for the magnitude of the Q-band oscillator strength as well as the experimentally observed Q to B band energy separation. Although Ga-PP shares more spectroscopic properties with Zn-PP than it does with Fe(III)PPIX, the trivalent oxidation state allows this molecule to be used as a model for ferric hemes in heme proteins [1].

[1]. Spectroscopic and theoretical studies of Ga(III)protoporphyrin-IX and its reactions with myoglobin. Inorg Chem. 2012;51(6):3743-3753.

The goal of this work was to investigate the value of Ga-PP as a model for ferric heme. This work demonstrates amultifaceted approach to spectral and theoretical characterization of Ga-PP and also provides a description of how Ga-PP reacts with a heme protein, using myoglobin to illustrate model properties. Through TD-DFT calculation and optical data, Ga-PP has shown to be a suitable mimic of heme and has potential applications in heme replacement/substitution. We have also shown, through calculated TD-DFT molecular orbitals and energy level diagrams, how the peripheral substituents (the vinyl and propionic side chains) of the protoporphyrin rings are not involved in the main electronic transitions characteristic of metalloprotoporphyrins. The peripheral groups must be much more important when considering the intermolecular porphyrin–porphyrin and especially protein–porphyrin interactions. [1]

222556-71-0

Mg(II) protoporphyrin IX;14947-11-6;Mn(II) protoporphyrin IX;21393-64-6;Cu(II) protoporphyrin IX;14494-37-2;Ni(II) protoporphyrin IX;15415-30-2;Cr(III) protoporphyrin IX;84640-43-7;Cd(II) protoporphyrin IX;80216-25-7;Pt(II) protoporphyrin IX;98303-94-7

Typically exists as solid at room temperature

C(C1C(=C2C=C3C(C=C)=C(C)C4C=C5C(C=C)=C(C)C6=CC7C(C)=C(CCC(=O)[O-])C8[N+]=7[Ga](N56)([N+]3=4)N2C=1C=8)C)CC(=O)[O-].[H+].[H+]

GA(III) PROTOPORPHYRIN IX CHLORIDE; Gallium(III) Protoporphyrin IX Chloride;

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)