| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg |
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| 500mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
5-Maleimidovaleric acid does not have a biological target in the traditional sense. Its "target" is the thiol groups (-SH) present on cysteine residues of proteins, such as antibodies. The maleimide group reacts with these thiols under mild conditions (pH 6.5-7.5) to form a stable thioether bond. This reaction is highly specific for thiols, allowing for site-specific conjugation. As a cleavable ADC linker, it is designed to release the attached payload (e.g., a cytotoxic drug) under specific conditions, such as the acidic environment of the tumor microenvironment or upon enzymatic cleavage.
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| ln Vitro |
ADC cytotoxins are connected to antibodies through an ADC connector to form ADCs [1].
5-Maleimidovaleric acid itself does not possess intrinsic biological activity. Its activity is defined by its ability to conjugate a payload to an antibody. In vitro, the conjugation efficiency can be assessed by reacting the linker with a model thiol-containing compound, such as cysteine or a reduced antibody. The reaction can be monitored by HPLC or mass spectrometry to confirm the formation of the conjugate. The linker's cleavability can be tested by incubating the conjugate under conditions that promote cleavage (e.g., low pH) and measuring the release of the payload by HPLC. |
| ln Vivo |
5-Maleimidovaleric acid is not intended for direct in vivo administration. Its in vivo relevance is as a linker in the construction of ADCs that are then administered in vivo. The cleavable nature of the linker ensures that the cytotoxic payload is released selectively in the tumor microenvironment, reducing systemic toxicity and improving the therapeutic index of the ADC. The linker's stability in circulation and its ability to release the payload at the target site are critical for ADC efficacy.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Non-cellular in vitro assays for 5-Maleimidovaleric acid involve characterizing its reactivity and cleavability. To assess reactivity, the linker is incubated with a thiol-containing compound, such as cysteine, in a buffer at pH 7.0. The reaction is monitored by HPLC or LC-MS to measure the formation of the thioether adduct. To assess cleavability, the formed conjugate is incubated under conditions that mimic the tumor microenvironment (e.g., pH 5.5 or in the presence of a specific enzyme). The release of the payload is measured by HPLC. These assays are used to optimize the linker's properties for ADC development.
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| Cell Assay |
Cellular assays for 5-Maleimidovaleric acid are not performed with the linker itself, but with the ADC that it helps create. The ADC is tested in cell viability assays on target antigen-expressing cancer cells. Cells are treated with varying concentrations of the ADC for 48-72 hours, and cell viability is measured using an MTT or CellTiter-Glo assay. The IC50 is determined. The specificity of the ADC can be confirmed by comparing its activity on target-positive vs. target-negative cell lines. The cleavability of the linker can be assessed by comparing the activity of a cleavable ADC vs. a non-cleavable ADC.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies are performed with the final ADC synthesized using 5-Maleimidovaleric acid, not with the linker itself. A typical protocol involves administering the ADC intravenously to tumor-bearing mouse models (e.g., xenograft models). Mice are dosed with the ADC at various concentrations (e.g., 1-10 mg/kg) on a schedule such as once weekly for 2-3 weeks. Tumor volume and body weight are measured regularly to assess efficacy and toxicity. Pharmacodynamic markers may also be evaluated in tumor tissue samples.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
5-Maleimidovaleric acid is a chemical linker and does not have pharmacokinetic properties as an active drug. However, when used to create ADCs, the linker influences the overall PK of the conjugate. The cleavable nature of the linker means that the payload can be released from the antibody over time, which can affect the half-life and distribution of the drug. The linker itself is expected to be metabolized and cleared from the system. Specific PK data for the linker are not available.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
5-Maleimidovaleric acid is a chemical reagent for research use only and is not intended for therapeutic or diagnostic use in humans. As a reactive maleimide, it is moisture-sensitive and should be stored under anhydrous conditions. Toxicity data for the compound itself are limited, but standard laboratory safety precautions should be followed when handling it, as it can react with proteins and may cause irritation. In the context of ADC development, the toxicity is primarily attributed to the cytotoxic payload.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
5-Maleimidovaleric acid is a key building block in the field of ADC development. Its maleimide group allows for site-specific conjugation to antibodies via cysteine residues. The cleavable nature of the linker enables the release of the payload in the tumor microenvironment, which is a key strategy for improving the therapeutic index of ADCs. The compound is commercially available and is a standard reagent in many research laboratories. It is not a drug itself and has no clinical trial or regulatory approval status.
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| Molecular Formula |
C9H11NO4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
197.1879
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| Exact Mass |
197.068
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| CAS # |
57078-99-6
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| PubChem CID |
23273872
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| Density |
1.3±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
400.7±28.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
196.2±24.0 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±2.0 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.544
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| LogP |
0.56
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
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| Heavy Atom Count |
14
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| Complexity |
277
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
O=C1C([H])=C([H])C(N1C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(=O)O[H])=O
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| InChi Key |
ACVAAFHNDGTZLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C9H11NO4/c11-7-4-5-8(12)10(7)6-2-1-3-9(13)14/h4-5H,1-3,6H2,(H,13,14)
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| Chemical Name |
5-(2,5-dioxopyrrol-1-yl)pentanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.0713 mL | 25.3563 mL | 50.7125 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.0143 mL | 5.0713 mL | 10.1425 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5071 mL | 2.5356 mL | 5.0713 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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