| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 500mg |
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| 1g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
3-Hydroxybutyric acid acts as a metabolic fuel and signaling molecule. It binds to and activates the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2, also known as GPR109A), a G protein-coupled receptor. It also inhibits histone deacetylases (HDACs) and activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in some contexts. It is a ligand for the receptor and plays roles in metabolism, inflammation, and cell signaling.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In vitro, 3-hydroxybutyric acid has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome and reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. It can also act as a histone deacetylase inhibitor, affecting gene expression. It is used as a metabolic substrate in cell culture studies and can be measured in biological samples.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, 3-hydroxybutyric acid is a major energy source for the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle during fasting and exercise. It has been studied for its therapeutic potential in various conditions, including epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic disorders. It has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. It can be administered as a supplement (as salts or esters) to induce ketosis.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For non-cellular enzyme assays, 3-hydroxybutyric acid can be used as a substrate to measure the activity of 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BDH), which catalyzes the interconversion of 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate. It can also be used to study HCA2 receptor binding using radioligand binding assays.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cell-based assays, cells are cultured and treated with 3-hydroxybutyric acid. Effects on cell metabolism, inflammation, and gene expression are assessed. Inflammasome activation and cytokine production can be measured using ELISA or Western blotting. HDAC activity can be measured using fluorometric or colorimetric assays.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo animal studies, 3-hydroxybutyric acid can be administered via intraperitoneal injection, oral gavage, or in the diet. Animal models of epilepsy, neurodegeneration, diabetes, and inflammation can be used. Ketone levels in blood and tissues are measured. Behavioral, biochemical, and histological endpoints are assessed.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties include solubility in water and DMSO. It is a small molecule that is rapidly absorbed and distributed. It is metabolized to acetoacetate and then to acetyl-CoA for energy production. It has a half-life of a few hours in the circulation. Storage is typically at -20°C. It is a solid and should be handled with standard laboratory precautions.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for 3-hydroxybutyric acid is well-established. At physiological concentrations, it is safe and is a normal metabolite. At very high concentrations (such as in diabetic ketoacidosis), it can cause acidosis and metabolic disturbances. It is not for human use in research settings without appropriate approval.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
3-Hydroxybutyric acid (HHB) is a straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of a butyric acid core structure and a hydroxyl substituent at the 3-position; it is a ketone body that is elevated during ketosis and can serve as an energy source for the brain during fasting in humans. It is also used in the synthesis of biodegradable plastics. It plays a role in human metabolism. It is a 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid, hydroxybutyric acid, and (ω-1)-hydroxy fatty acid. It is functionally related to butyric acid. It is the conjugate acid of 3-hydroxybutyric acid. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a metabolite found or produced in Escherichia coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain). 3-Hydroxybutyric acid has also been reported in rye, fruit flies, and other organisms with relevant data. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a metabolite found or produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Butyric acid is substituted at the β- or 3-position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced by the liver. See also: 3-Hydroxybutyric acid (note moved to).
3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a ketone body produced during fasting and exercise. It acts as a metabolic fuel and signaling molecule. It activates HCA2, inhibits HDACs, and modulates the NLRP3 inflammasome. It has therapeutic potential in epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic disorders. It is a key player in energy metabolism and ketosis. |
| Molecular Formula |
C4H8O3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
104.1045
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| Exact Mass |
104.047
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| CAS # |
300-85-6
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| Related CAS # |
26063-00-3
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| PubChem CID |
441
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| Appearance |
Off-white to light yellow <33°C solid powder,>34°C liquid
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| Density |
1.2±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
269.2±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
174-175℃
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| Flash Point |
121.0±19.1 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.2 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.455
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| Source |
Originated from microorganisms
Endogenously produced metabolite |
| LogP |
-1.14
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
7
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| Complexity |
69.3
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
O([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C(=O)O[H]
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| InChi Key |
WHBMMWSBFZVSSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C4H8O3/c1-3(5)2-4(6)7/h3,5H,2H2,1H3,(H,6,7)
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| Chemical Name |
3-hydroxybutanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
0.1 M NaOH: ~100 mg/mL (~960.6 mM; with ultrasonication and adjustment of pH to 6 with NaOH)
H2O: ~50 mg/mL (~480.3 mM; with ultrasonication) |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 25 mg/mL (240.15 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), Clear solution.
(Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 9.6061 mL | 48.0307 mL | 96.0615 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.9212 mL | 9.6061 mL | 19.2123 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.9606 mL | 4.8031 mL | 9.6061 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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