| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 500mg |
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| 1g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
3-Hydroxybutyric acid acts as a metabolic fuel and signaling molecule. It binds to and activates the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2, also known as GPR109A), a G protein-coupled receptor. It also inhibits histone deacetylases (HDACs) and activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in some contexts. It is a ligand for the receptor and plays roles in metabolism, inflammation, and cell signaling.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, 3-hydroxybutyric acid has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome and reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. It can also act as a histone deacetylase inhibitor, affecting gene expression. It is used as a metabolic substrate in cell culture studies and can be measured in biological samples.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, 3-hydroxybutyric acid is a major energy source for the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle during fasting and exercise. It has been studied for its therapeutic potential in various conditions, including epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic disorders. It has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. It can be administered as a supplement (as salts or esters) to induce ketosis.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For non-cellular enzyme assays, 3-hydroxybutyric acid can be used as a substrate to measure the activity of 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BDH), which catalyzes the interconversion of 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate. It can also be used to study HCA2 receptor binding using radioligand binding assays.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cell-based assays, cells are cultured and treated with 3-hydroxybutyric acid. Effects on cell metabolism, inflammation, and gene expression are assessed. Inflammasome activation and cytokine production can be measured using ELISA or Western blotting. HDAC activity can be measured using fluorometric or colorimetric assays.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo animal studies, 3-hydroxybutyric acid can be administered via intraperitoneal injection, oral gavage, or in the diet. Animal models of epilepsy, neurodegeneration, diabetes, and inflammation can be used. Ketone levels in blood and tissues are measured. Behavioral, biochemical, and histological endpoints are assessed.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties include solubility in water and DMSO. It is a small molecule that is rapidly absorbed and distributed. It is metabolized to acetoacetate and then to acetyl-CoA for energy production. It has a half-life of a few hours in the circulation. Storage is typically at -20°C. It is a solid and should be handled with standard laboratory precautions.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for 3-hydroxybutyric acid is well-established. At physiological concentrations, it is safe and is a normal metabolite. At very high concentrations (such as in diabetic ketoacidosis), it can cause acidosis and metabolic disturbances. It is not for human use in research settings without appropriate approval.
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| Additional Infomation |
3-Hydroxybutyric acid (HHB) is a straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of a butyric acid core structure and a hydroxyl substituent at the 3-position; it is a ketone body that is elevated during ketosis and can serve as an energy source for the brain during fasting in humans. It is also used in the synthesis of biodegradable plastics. It plays a role in human metabolism. It is a 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid, hydroxybutyric acid, and (ω-1)-hydroxy fatty acid. It is functionally related to butyric acid. It is the conjugate acid of 3-hydroxybutyric acid. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a metabolite found or produced in Escherichia coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain). 3-Hydroxybutyric acid has also been reported in rye, fruit flies, and other organisms with relevant data. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a metabolite found or produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Butyric acid is substituted at the β- or 3-position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced by the liver. See also: 3-Hydroxybutyric acid (note moved to).
3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a ketone body produced during fasting and exercise. It acts as a metabolic fuel and signaling molecule. It activates HCA2, inhibits HDACs, and modulates the NLRP3 inflammasome. It has therapeutic potential in epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic disorders. It is a key player in energy metabolism and ketosis. |
| Molecular Formula |
C4H8O3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
104.1045
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| Exact Mass |
104.047
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| CAS # |
300-85-6
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| Related CAS # |
26063-00-3
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| PubChem CID |
441
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| Appearance |
Off-white to light yellow <33°C solid powder,>34°C liquid
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| Density |
1.2±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
269.2±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
174-175℃
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| Flash Point |
121.0±19.1 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.2 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.455
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| LogP |
-1.14
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
7
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| Complexity |
69.3
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
O([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C(=O)O[H]
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| InChi Key |
WHBMMWSBFZVSSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C4H8O3/c1-3(5)2-4(6)7/h3,5H,2H2,1H3,(H,6,7)
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| Chemical Name |
3-hydroxybutanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 9.6061 mL | 48.0307 mL | 96.0615 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.9212 mL | 9.6061 mL | 19.2123 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.9606 mL | 4.8031 mL | 9.6061 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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