| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5g |
|
| Targets |
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)[1]
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
3-Carene was tested in a Transwell migration assay using Raw264.7 murine macrophage-like cells. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 50 µg/mL) significantly induced Raw264.7 cell migration compared to the untreated control. However, treatment with 3-Carene did not significantly inhibit the LPS-induced Raw264.7 cell migration. [1]
|
| ln Vivo |
In the xylene-induced ear oedema mouse model, topical application of 3-Carene (0.153 mg/mL) showed a tendency to reduce ear swelling at various time points, but the reduction was not statistically significant. [1]
In the formalin-induced hind paw oedema model, topical application of 3-Carene (0.153 mg/mL) significantly inhibited paw swelling at 4 hours and 8 hours after formalin injection compared to the model group. [1] In the hot plate test for analgesic activity, topical administration of 3-Carene (0.153 mg/mL) significantly raised the pain threshold of the hind paw at 0.5 hours post-administration compared to its baseline (0 hour). This significant analgesic effect was unique to 3-Carene among the tested individual components (α-pinene and limonene did not show a significant effect). [1] Histopathological examination of formalin-injected paws showed that treatment with 3-Carene noticeably reduced tissue injuries, including oedema and inflammatory cell infiltrates (mainly neutrophils). [1] Immunohistochemical staining and multispectral imaging analysis of skin from formalin-injected paws revealed that topical application of 3-Carene (0.153 mg/mL) decreased the formalin-induced COX-2 expression. This decrease showed a tendency but was not statistically significant. [1] |
| Cell Assay |
The cell migration assay was performed using Raw264.7 cells. Cells were suspended in DMEM without fetal bovine serum at a concentration of 5 × 10⁶ cells/mL. A volume of 100 µL of this cell suspension was added to the upper compartment of a 12-well Transwell plate with polycarbonate membranes (pore size 8.0 µm). The lower compartment contained 600 µL of DMEM without fetal bovine serum but with LPS (50 µg/mL) as a chemoattractant. Cells were allowed to migrate for 8 hours at 37°C in a 5% CO₂ incubator. After incubation, non-migrated cells on the upper surface of the membrane were removed with a cotton swab. Migrated cells on the lower surface were fixed and stained with a 0.1% crystal violet solution in 95% ethanol for 15 minutes. The number of migrated cells was quantified by counting cells in at least 5 random microscopic fields per filter. [1]
|
| Animal Protocol |
For the xylene-induced ear oedema test, male Kunming mice (18-25 g) were topically applied 20 µL of xylene on the inner and outer surfaces of the right ear to induce inflammation. Subsequently, 3-Carene (dissolved at 0.153 mg/mL in sesame oil) was externally applied to the surface of the right ear at a volume of 0.15 mL/cm². Ear thickness was measured using a thickness gauge at various time points post-induction. [1]
For the formalin-induced hind paw oedema and antinociception test, mice received an intradermal injection of 4% formalin (20 µL) into the plantar surface of the right hind paw. 3-Carene (0.153 mg/mL in sesame oil) was applied topically (0.15 mL/cm²) to the paw. Paw thickness (oedema) was measured with a micrometer, and the thermal nociceptive threshold (analgesia) was assessed using a plantar analgesia meter at different time points. [1] For the hot plate test, the temperature of the hot plate was set at 55 ± 0.5°C. Mice showing a response (licking forepaws, paw withdrawal, or jumping) within 30 seconds were selected 24 hours before the experiment to record baseline latency. 3-Carene (0.153 mg/mL in sesame oil) was applied topically (0.15 mL/cm²). The reaction time was recorded before and 30 minutes after administration. [1] |
| References |
|
| Additional Infomation |
Carene is a colorless liquid with a sweet taste similar to turpentine and floats on water. (US Coast Guard, 1999)
3-carene is a monoterpene derived from the hydrogenation of carene. 3-carene has been reported in Artemisia Thuscula, Cymbopogon martinii, and other organisms with relevant data. See also: Top (part) of Cannabis sativa subsp. indica. 3-carene is one of the main active ingredients in Gynura procumbens (GPEO) essential oil. Gynura procumbens is a plant traditionally used externally in southern China to treat skin wounds, redness, and fever. [1] This study suggests that the anti-inflammatory effects of 3-carene (and GPEO) may be achieved by inhibiting noxious stimulation-induced inflammatory cell infiltration and COX-2 overexpression. Of α-pinene, limonene, and their constituents, only 3-carene showed significant analgesic activity in the hot plate test. [1] Topical application of GPEOs and their constituents (such as 3-carene) conforms to conventional methods and may avoid the gastrointestinal toxicity associated with oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [1] |
| Molecular Formula |
C10H16
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
136.23404
|
| Exact Mass |
136.125
|
| CAS # |
13466-78-9
|
| PubChem CID |
26049
|
| Appearance |
Colorless to light yellow liquid
|
| Density |
0.9±0.1 g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
171.4±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg
|
| Melting Point |
25°C
|
| Flash Point |
46.1±0.0 °C
|
| Vapour Pressure |
1.9±0.1 mmHg at 25°C
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.479
|
| Source |
Originated from plants: other families
|
| LogP |
4.37
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
0
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
10
|
| Complexity |
186
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| SMILES |
CC1=CCC2C(C1)C2(C)C
|
| InChi Key |
BQOFWKZOCNGFEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C10H16/c1-7-4-5-8-9(6-7)10(8,2)3/h4,8-9H,5-6H2,1-3H3
|
| Chemical Name |
3,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 7.3405 mL | 36.7026 mL | 73.4053 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.4681 mL | 7.3405 mL | 14.6811 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.7341 mL | 3.6703 mL | 7.3405 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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