| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg |
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| Targets |
2-(Tetradecylthio)acetic acid targets the peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs), a family of nuclear receptors that regulate lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and inflammation. PPARα is primarily expressed in the liver and is involved in fatty acid oxidation and lipid clearance. PPARγ is expressed in adipose tissue and regulates adipogenesis and insulin sensitivity. PPARδ is ubiquitously expressed and is involved in fatty acid oxidation and energy expenditure. As a pan-PPAR activator, 2-(tetradecylthio)acetic acid activates all three PPAR isoforms, leading to a broad range of metabolic effects including reduced plasma lipids and enhanced hepatic fatty acid oxidation.
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| ln Vitro |
2-(Tetradecylthio)acetic acid activates PPARs in vitro, leading to the transcriptional activation of PPAR target genes involved in lipid metabolism and fatty acid oxidation. The compound induces hypolipidemia by reducing plasma lipids. It enhances hepatic fatty acid oxidation, which contributes to the reduction of lipid accumulation in the liver and improved metabolic profile. These in vitro activities demonstrate the compound's potential as a lipid-lowering agent and its utility for studying PPAR-mediated metabolic pathways.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, 2-(tetradecylthio)acetic acid reduces plasma lipids and enhances hepatic fatty acid oxidation in rodents. These effects are consistent with its mechanism as a pan-PPAR activator. The compound has been shown to induce hypolipidemia, suggesting potential therapeutic applications for the treatment of dyslipidemia and related metabolic disorders. However, specific in vivo efficacy data in disease models are not extensively documented. The compound is primarily used as a research tool for studying lipid metabolism and PPAR biology.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Non-cellular assays for 2-(tetradecylthio)acetic acid typically involve measuring its ability to activate PPARs using a cell-free transcription assay or a ligand-binding assay. In a typical PPAR ligand-binding assay, the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the PPAR receptor is incubated with a fluorescent or radiolabeled PPAR ligand and varying concentrations of the compound. Displacement of the tracer ligand is measured, and IC₅₀ values are calculated. In a cell-free transcription assay, PPAR response element (PPRE)-driven reporter gene expression is measured in the presence of the compound and PPAR protein.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays for 2-(tetradecylthio)acetic acid typically use cell lines that express PPARs, such as hepatocytes or adipocytes. Cells are treated with various concentrations of the compound, and the expression of PPAR target genes is analyzed by quantitative PCR or Western blotting. For example, the expression of acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX), a marker of PPARα activation and fatty acid oxidation, can be measured. Lipid accumulation in cells can be assessed by Oil Red O staining or by measuring triglyceride content. Reporter gene assays using PPRE-luciferase constructs can also be employed to quantify PPAR activation.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for 2-(tetradecylthio)acetic acid typically use rodent models to evaluate its effects on lipid metabolism. Rodents are administered the compound orally or via intraperitoneal injection. Blood samples are collected to measure plasma lipid levels including triglycerides, total cholesterol, and free fatty acids. Liver tissue is collected for histological analysis and for measurement of fatty acid oxidation rates. Hepatic gene expression of PPAR target genes is analyzed by quantitative PCR. Body weight, food intake, and metabolic parameters are also monitored.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of 2-(tetradecylthio)acetic acid are not extensively characterized. As a fatty acid derivative with a molecular weight of 288.49 and a LogP of 7.08, it is highly lipophilic and is expected to have high membrane permeability. The compound is soluble in DMSO at concentrations up to 2 mg/mL. For in vivo administration, it can be formulated in vehicles such as DMSO, Tween-80, and saline. Metabolic pathways likely involve β-oxidation of the fatty acid chain and conjugation reactions. Specific PK parameters such as half-life, bioavailability, and volume of distribution are not documented.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for 2-(tetradecylthio)acetic acid are limited in the available literature. As a fatty acid derivative, it is generally considered to have low to moderate toxicity. However, comprehensive toxicology studies are not available. The compound may cause skin and eye irritation upon contact. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be observed when handling this compound. It is intended for research use only and not for human consumption.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
2-(tetradecylthio)acetic acid is a straight-chain fatty acid.
2-(Tetradecylthio)acetic acid is a research-grade compound intended for laboratory use only and is not approved for clinical use. Its CAS number is 2921-20-2. The primary applications of 2-(tetradecylthio)acetic acid include studying the role of PPARs in lipid metabolism and metabolic disorders, investigating the mechanisms of hypolipidemia and fatty acid oxidation, and exploring the therapeutic potential of pan-PPAR activators for the treatment of dyslipidemia, obesity, and related metabolic diseases. The compound is also known as tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA). |
| Molecular Formula |
C16H32SO2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
288.49
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| Exact Mass |
288.212
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| CAS # |
2921-20-2
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| PubChem CID |
114924
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.0±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
402.6±28.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
65-73°C
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| Flash Point |
197.3±24.0 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±2.0 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.481
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| LogP |
7.08
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
15
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| Heavy Atom Count |
19
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| Complexity |
195
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
IPBCWPPBAWQYOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C16H32O2S/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-19-15-16(17)18/h2-15H2,1H3,(H,17,18)
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| Chemical Name |
2-tetradecylsulfanylacetic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ≥ 2 mg/mL (~6.93 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.4663 mL | 17.3316 mL | 34.6632 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6933 mL | 3.4663 mL | 6.9326 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3466 mL | 1.7332 mL | 3.4663 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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