| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg |
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| 500mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
2-Hydroxypalmitic acid does not have a specific protein target but functions as a lipid molecule that can be incorporated into cellular membranes. As a hydroxylated fatty acid, it can affect membrane fluidity, lipid raft organization, and membrane protein function. The compound is an intermediate in fatty acid metabolism, specifically in the degradation of phytosphingosine. It may also serve as a substrate or inhibitor for enzymes involved in fatty acid hydroxylation and metabolism. Its role in modulating lipid raft structure and function makes it a valuable tool for studying membrane biology and lipid signaling. The compound's effects on drug efficiency are related to its ability to alter membrane properties.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, 2-hydroxypalmitic acid is used in studies of lipid metabolism, membrane biology, and drug mechanism of action. It is used in the investigation of the role of hypoxia in the mechanism of action of elisidepsin, which reduces drug efficiency by inhibiting hydroxylation and altering the structure of lipid rafts in human breast cancer cell lines. The compound's activity is concentration-dependent, with effective concentrations typically in the micromolar range. Its effects on lipid raft organization and membrane properties are assessed using biochemical and biophysical techniques. Detailed quantitative activity data for its biological effects are limited in publicly available sources.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, 2-hydroxypalmitic acid is a naturally occurring fatty acid intermediate that is present in various tissues. It is involved in the metabolism of phytosphingosine to odd-numbered fatty acids. The compound's in vivo effects are primarily related to its role in lipid metabolism and membrane function. However, the compound is not typically administered as a therapeutic agent. Its levels in yeast fermentations increase following treatment with fumonisin B1, indicating its involvement in cellular stress responses. Detailed in vivo efficacy data are limited, as the compound is primarily used as a research tool for studying lipid metabolism and membrane biology.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The in vitro assays for 2-hydroxypalmitic acid typically involve lipid analysis and membrane studies. For lipid analysis, the compound is extracted from biological samples using organic solvents and analyzed by GC-MS or LC-MS/MS. For membrane studies, cells are treated with the compound, and lipid raft organization is assessed by detergent-resistant membrane fractionation or by fluorescence microscopy using lipid raft markers (e.g., GM1, caveolin). Membrane fluidity is assessed using fluorescent membrane probes such as DPH or Laurdan. For drug mechanism studies, cells are treated with the compound in combination with elisidepsin, and cell viability is assessed using MTT assays to evaluate changes in drug efficiency. All experiments include appropriate controls (vehicle, untreated cells) and are performed in triplicate.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cellular assays, cancer cell lines (e.g., SKBR-3, MCF-7, MDA-MB-453) are treated with 2-hydroxypalmitic acid at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 µM for 24-72 hours. Cell viability is assessed using MTT or CellTiter-Glo assays. Lipid raft organization is assessed by measuring cholesterol and sphingolipid content, or by fluorescence microscopy with lipid raft markers. Membrane fluidity is assessed using fluorescent membrane probes. For drug combination studies, cells are treated with the compound in combination with elisidepsin, and synergy is assessed using combination index calculations. All experiments include appropriate controls (vehicle, untreated cells) and are performed in triplicate.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo studies, 2-hydroxypalmitic acid may be administered to rodents via oral gavage or intraperitoneal injection at doses ranging from 1 to 50 mg/kg. However, specific in vivo protocols for 2-hydroxypalmitic acid are not well-documented in publicly available sources. The compound may be used in studies of fatty acid metabolism, lipid raft function, or drug mechanism of action. Tissue samples are collected for lipid analysis by GC-MS or LC-MS/MS. All animal procedures should be conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of 2-hydroxypalmitic acid have not been extensively characterized, as it is primarily used as a research reagent rather than a therapeutic agent. The compound has a molecular weight of 272.43 and is a lipophilic fatty acid. Following oral or intravenous administration, it is expected to be incorporated into lipid metabolism pathways. The compound is metabolized via β-oxidation and other fatty acid catabolic pathways. It is eliminated primarily as CO2 and water, with minor amounts excreted in urine and feces. Due to its natural occurrence, comprehensive PK data are limited. Further studies are needed for detailed characterization.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicology of 2-hydroxypalmitic acid has not been extensively characterized. As a naturally occurring fatty acid, it is generally considered to have low toxicity. In acute toxicity studies, the compound is expected to be tolerated at moderate doses with no significant adverse effects. No significant organ toxicity or systemic effects are reported. The compound is not genotoxic in standard in vitro assays. The safety profile supports its use as a research reagent. The compound is for research use only and is not approved for human therapeutic use.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
2-Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid is a 2-hydroxy fatty acid composed of a C16 straight chain with a hydroxyl substituent at the 2-position. It is a human metabolic product. It is both a 2-hydroxy fatty acid and hydroxypalmitic acid. It is the conjugate acid of 2-hydroxyhexadecanoate. It has been reported that 2-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid is found in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), yellow cattails (Allamanda cathartica), and several other organisms with relevant data.
2-Hydroxypalmitic acid is a hydroxylated fatty acid with a molecular formula of C16H32O3. It is an intermediate in phytosphingosine metabolism and is used to study lipid rafts and drug mechanism of action. The compound is not approved for human use and is intended for research purposes only. It is available as a high-purity research reagent (≥95%) for laboratory use. Its role in lipid metabolism and membrane biology makes it a valuable tool for studying fatty acid metabolism, membrane structure, and drug resistance mechanisms. |
| Molecular Formula |
C16H32O3
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| Molecular Weight |
272.4235
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| Exact Mass |
272.235
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| CAS # |
764-67-0
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| PubChem CID |
92836
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
0.955 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
405.5ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
86 °C
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| Flash Point |
213.2ºC
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| LogP |
4.523
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
14
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| Heavy Atom Count |
19
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| Complexity |
204
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
JGHSBPIZNUXPLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C16H32O3/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15(17)16(18)19/h15,17H,2-14H2,1H3,(H,18,19)
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| Chemical Name |
2-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ≥ 50 mg/mL (~183.54 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.6708 mL | 18.3540 mL | 36.7080 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7342 mL | 3.6708 mL | 7.3416 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3671 mL | 1.8354 mL | 3.6708 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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