| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
This compound is a biocide with multiple targets. It forms a complex with essential metal ions (such as iron and copper) inside the microbial cell. This metal complexation can disrupt critical metabolic enzymes, inhibit energy production, and lead to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing cellular damage. It is also known to transport zinc into cells.
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| ln Vitro |
It exhibits a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, including potent inhibition of bacterial and fungal growth. Its primary in vitro activity is measured as a MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) against a wide range of organisms. For example, it is highly effective against the yeast Malassezia, which is a primary cause of dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. It is effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo applications are typically topical. In animal models, sodium pyrithione has been studied for its efficacy in treating superficial fungal infections. In a model of seborrheic dermatitis, topical application of a shampoo containing sodium pyrithione results in a reduction of the fungal burden (Malassezia) and a corresponding reduction in skin flaking and inflammation. It is also used in industrial settings to prevent microbial spoilage of products.
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| Enzyme Assay |
A standard non-cellular assay is a metal-binding assay, often using spectrophotometry. The interaction of the compound with divalent metal ions (e.g., Cu2+, Zn2+) can be measured by the change in the UV-Vis absorption spectrum of the compound upon metal chelation. Alternatively, a biochemical assay to test its mechanism could involve measuring its ability to generate free radicals (ROS) in a cell-free system, such as by reducing cytochrome c in the presence of a reducing agent.
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| Cell Assay |
A standard protocol for antimicrobial testing is the broth microdilution method as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). A target yeast (e.g., Candida albicans or Malassezia furfur) is grown in a suitable medium. Serial two-fold dilutions of sodium pyrithione are prepared in a 96-well plate. A standardized yeast suspension is added to each well. After an incubation period (e.g., 24-48 hours), the optical density is measured. The lowest concentration that inhibits growth is reported as the MIC.
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| Animal Protocol |
An in vivo animal model for dandruff is challenging, but a model of superficial fungal infection can be used. For example, in a guinea pig model of dermatophytosis, an area of skin is shaved and infected with a fungal pathogen. Topical treatment with a solution of 2-Mercaptopyridine N-oxide sodium is applied once or twice daily. The therapeutic effect is assessed by clinical scoring (redness, scaling, hair loss) and by taking skin scrapings to quantify the fungal burden by plating.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
When applied topically, sodium pyrithione is not significantly absorbed through the skin into the systemic circulation. Its low systemic exposure is a key safety feature. The bulk of the applied dose remains on the skin surface or is washed off. Metabolism studies are not typically performed for topical application, as the active compound is intended to act on the skin surface.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicity Data
LC50 (Rat) = 1,080 mg/m³/4 hours Sodium pyrithione is considered safe for topical use at low concentrations (e.g., 0.5% to 1% in shampoos). It can cause mild skin irritation in some individuals. However, if ingested or used improperly, it can be toxic. Industrial exposure to concentrated solutions requires caution. It is not intended for internal use. |
| References |
[1]. Debora L Campos, et al. Bactericidal Effect of pyridine-2-thiol 1-oxide Sodium Salt and Its Complex With Iron Against Resistant Clinical Isolates of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 2020 Feb;73(2):120-124.
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| Additional Infomation |
Sodium pyrithione is the sodium salt of pyrithione, a bacteriostatic and antimicrobial derivative of aspergillus acid. While its exact mechanism of action is not fully understood, sodium pyrithione appears to interfere with membrane transport, ultimately leading to metabolic dysregulation.
See also: Sodium pyrithione (preferred). This compound is a classic example of a broad-spectrum biocide. Its use as a zinc ionophore (facilitating zinc transport into cells) has made it a valuable tool in cell biology research. While its primary use is in consumer goods as an antimicrobial, it is also used in research to study metal homeostasis, oxidative stress, and antifungal mechanisms. |
| Molecular Formula |
C5H4NNAOS
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
149.15
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| Exact Mass |
148.991
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| CAS # |
3811-73-2
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| Related CAS # |
1121-30-8 (Parent)
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| PubChem CID |
19658
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.22
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| Boiling Point |
109 °C
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| Melting Point |
-25 °C
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| Flash Point |
107.3ºC
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| LogP |
1.02
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
2
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
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| Heavy Atom Count |
9
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| Complexity |
162
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
C1=CC=[N+](C(=C1)[S-])[O-].[Na+]
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| InChi Key |
XNRNJIIJLOFJEK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C5H4NOS.Na/c7-6-4-2-1-3-5(6)8;/h1-4H;/q-1;+1
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| Chemical Name |
sodium;1-oxidopyridine-2-thione
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : 100 mg/mL (670.47 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 6.7047 mL | 33.5233 mL | 67.0466 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.3409 mL | 6.7047 mL | 13.4093 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.6705 mL | 3.3523 mL | 6.7047 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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