| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| 50mg |
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| Targets |
16-Azidohexadecanoic acid is not a drug and has no defined biological receptor target. Instead, it functions as a click chemistry probe and a metabolic labeling tool. As a fatty acid analog, it can be taken up by cells and incorporated into complex lipids, allowing for the tracking and study of fatty acid uptake, trafficking, and metabolism. It can also be used as a modification marker for nucleotides.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, 16-Azidohexadecanoic acid is used to label and visualize fatty acid metabolism. Cells are cultured in media containing the compound, where it is incorporated as a substrate for lipid biosynthesis. After incubation, the incorporated azide groups are detected via a click chemistry reaction with a fluorescent alkyne (e.g., AF488-alkyne), allowing for the visualization of lipid droplets or specific phospholipids by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, 16-Azidohexadecanoic acid can be administered to live animals to study lipid metabolism at the organismal level. For example, it can be injected intravenously into mice, and after a period of metabolism, tissues are harvested. The azide-labeled lipids are then detected by ex vivo click chemistry conjugation to biotin-alkyne, followed by streptavidin-based purification and mass spectrometry analysis to profile tissue-specific lipid metabolism.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For non-cell-based in vitro binding assays, 16-Azidohexadecanoic acid is not used to bind a receptor. Instead, it is used as a chemical probe in test tubes. Standard protocols involve mixing the compound with an alkyne-conjugated molecule (e.g., biotin-alkyne) in the presence of a copper catalyst (e.g., CuSO4 and sodium ascorbate) and a ligand (e.g., THPTA). The reaction proceeds at room temperature for 1-2 hours. The progress of the conjugation is monitored by TLC or LC-MS.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cell assays, cells (e.g., HepG2 hepatocytes or 3T3-L1 adipocytes) are cultured in fatty acid-free media. 16-Azidohexadecanoic acid is complexed with bovine serum albumin (BSA) in a 1:1 molar ratio to improve solubility. The cells are then treated with the fatty acid-BSA complex at concentrations ranging from 1-100 microM for 2-24 hours. After treatment, cells are fixed, permeabilized, and reacted with a fluorescent alkyne (e.g., Alexa Fluor 488-alkyne) via click chemistry. Lipid distribution is then visualized by confocal microscopy.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo animal models, mice are fasted overnight and then injected intravenously or intraperitoneally with 16-Azidohexadecanoic acid complexed with BSA at a dose of 10-50 mg/kg. After 1-4 hours, blood is collected and organs (liver, adipose tissue, muscle) are harvested. Tissues are homogenized, and lipids are extracted using organic solvents (methanol/chloroform). The extracted lipids are reacted with a biotin-alkyne tag via click chemistry, purified by avidin affinity chromatography, and analyzed by LC-MS/MS.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
As a small fatty acid molecule (MW 297.44), 16-Azidohexadecanoic acid has good tissue permeability and can cross cell membranes. When administered systemically, it is rapidly cleared from the bloodstream and taken up by metabolic organs (liver, adipose). It is metabolized similarly to natural palmitic acid, undergoing beta-oxidation and esterification into complex lipids. The azide group is stable and inert in biological environments, allowing for specific labeling with alkyne-tagged detection reagents.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
16-Azidohexadecanoic acid is a chemical probe for research and is not intended for human use. As a fatty acid, it is expected to be well-tolerated in cell culture at moderate concentrations (1-100 uM). High concentrations may induce lipotoxicity similar to saturated free fatty acids. There is no specific toxicity data available for this compound. It should be handled as a potential irritant using standard lab safety practices (gloves, lab coat, and eye protection).
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| Additional Infomation |
16-Azidohexadecanoic acid is a versatile bioorthogonal probe for studying fatty acid biology. The terminal azide group is small and biologically inert, making it an ideal handle for labeling without interfering with natural fatty acid metabolism. This compound is widely used in chemical biology and lipidomics to track lipid flux, identify protein lipidation sites, and visualize cellular lipid distributions. Its ability to undergo click chemistry makes it a powerful tool for correlative light-electron microscopy and for the identification of lipid-binding partners.
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| Molecular Formula |
C16H31N3O2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
297.436
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| Exact Mass |
297.242
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| CAS # |
112668-54-9
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| PubChem CID |
19047234
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| LogP |
5.295
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
16
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| Heavy Atom Count |
21
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| Complexity |
289
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
N(CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O)=[N+]=[N-]
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| InChi Key |
VLFHDUVVGCRNIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C16H31N3O2/c17-19-18-15-13-11-9-7-5-3-1-2-4-6-8-10-12-14-16(20)21/h1-15H2,(H,20,21)
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| Chemical Name |
16-azidohexadecanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~336.20 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.3620 mL | 16.8101 mL | 33.6202 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6724 mL | 3.3620 mL | 6.7240 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3362 mL | 1.6810 mL | 3.3620 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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