| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| 5mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
(+)-Coclaurine hydrochloride displays a multi-target profile. It acts as an antagonist at dopamine D2 receptors (IC50 = 1.14 uM) and selectively blocks postsynaptic dopamine receptors without affecting presynaptic receptors. It is an antagonist at nAChRs with subtype selectivity for alpha4beta4 (IC50 = 18 uM) over alpha4beta2 (IC50 = 49 uM). Additional targets include EFHD2, the Vitamin D Receptor (VDR), and potentially the cardiovascular system.
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| ln Vitro |
In cell-free assays, coclaurine exhibits moderate antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 131.7 uM in a brain homogenate autoxidation model. In functional assays, it antagonizes nAChRs expressed in Xenopus oocytes, inhibiting acetylcholine-induced currents. In cancer cell models, it demonstrates low cytotoxicity (IC50 = 0.95 mM in H1299 cells) but enhances the sensitivity of NSCLC cells to cisplatin by downregulating the EFHD2/NOX4/ABCC1 signaling pathway. It also exhibits VDR-dependent anticancer activity in colorectal cancer cells, inducing late apoptosis and increasing PARP and caspase-3 cleavage.
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| ln Vivo |
Intracerebroventricular injection of (+)-Coclaurine (d-Coclaurine; 50 μg) hydrochloride slightly enhanced the level of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and dramatically increased the level of homovanillic acid in the striatum of mice. (+)-Cocoline hydrochloride inhibits postsynaptic dopamine receptors but not presynaptic dopamine receptors in the rat striatum [2].
In vivo studies in mice show that intracerebroventricular injection of (+)-Coclaurine (50 microg) significantly increases homovanillic acid (HVA) levels and moderately elevates 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels in the striatum, indicating increased dopamine turnover due to postsynaptic receptor blockade. It is known to produce negative inotropic effects in isolated guinea pig papillary muscle, opposing the effects of the related alkaloid higenamine. In animal models, it inhibits HIV replication (EC50 = 0.8 microg/mL) and shows a therapeutic index >125. |
| Enzyme Assay |
For a cell-free receptor binding assay, the antagonistic activity of (+)-Coclaurine at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors is evaluated using Xenopus oocytes expressing human nAChR subtypes. The oocytes are voltage-clamped, and varying concentrations of the compound are applied to measure its inhibition of acetylcholine (ACh)-induced currents. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) is calculated from the current recordings, revealing subtype-specific values such as 18 uM for alpha4beta4 and 49 microM for alpha4beta2 nAChRs.
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| Cell Assay |
For an in vitro cell-based assay to assess cytotoxic activity, H1299 or A549 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells are seeded in 96-well plates and treated with varying concentrations of (+)-Coclaurine hydrochloride (e.g., 0-2 mM) for 48-72 hours. Cell viability is then measured using an MTT or CellTiter-Glo assay. The IC50 value is calculated from the dose-response curve. To evaluate cisplatin sensitization, cells are co-treated with a fixed concentration of the compound (e.g., 200 uM) and serial dilutions of cisplatin.
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| Animal Protocol |
For an in vivo animal study, male mice are used. A solution of (+)-Coclaurine hydrochloride is administered via intracerebroventricular injection at a dose of 50 microg per animal. At designated time points post-injection (e.g., 30-60 minutes), the animals are sacrificed, and their striata are dissected. The levels of the dopamine metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in the striatal tissue are quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
(+)-Coclaurine hydrochloride (molecular weight: 321.8 g/mol) exists as a stable powder at room temperature but is light-sensitive. For long-term storage, it is recommended to keep the powder at -20degC, protected from light, where it is stable for up to 3 years. Stock solutions can be prepared in DMSO and stored as single-use aliquots at -80degC for up to 6 months. The hydrochloride salt form has enhanced water solubility compared to the free base, facilitating its use in both in vitro and in vivo studies.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
In general, (+)-Coclaurine hydrochloride has shown low cytotoxicity in vitro, with IC50 values in the millimolar range in normal cells, indicating a potentially wide safety margin. In animal studies, the compound was well-tolerated at the tested doses (e.g., 50 microg intracerebroventricularly). Its selectivity for postsynaptic receptors suggests a reduced risk for certain side effects, though specific acute toxicity data is limited. When handling, standard laboratory safety precautions should be observed, and light exposure should be minimized.
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| References |
[1]. Siva S Panda, et al. Protective effects of Aporosa octandra bark extract against D-galactose induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in mice. Heliyon. 2018 Nov 30;4(11):e00951.
[2]. H Watanabe, et al. Effects of d-coclaurine and d-reticuline, benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids, on levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid in the mouse striatum. J Pharmacobiodyn. 1983 Oct;6(10):793-6. |
| Additional Infomation |
(+)-Coclaurine hydrochloride is a natural alkaloid with a well-characterized (R)-configuration, which is critical for its biological activity and distinguishes it from its (S)-enantiomer and racemic mixtures. It serves as a chiral precursor in alkaloid biosynthesis and is a valuable probe for studying dopamine and nicotinic receptor pharmacology, as well as a reference standard for anti-HIV research. The compound is for research use only and is not approved for clinical therapeutic applications.
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| Molecular Formula |
C17H20CLNO3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
321.80
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| Exact Mass |
321.113
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| CAS # |
19894-19-0
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| Related CAS # |
(+)-Coclaurine;2196-60-3
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| PubChem CID |
163196509
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
22
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| Complexity |
330
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
COC1=C(C=C2[C@H](NCCC2=C1)CC3=CC=C(C=C3)O)O.Cl
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| InChi Key |
VDUZDGFETHGVJK-XFULWGLBSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C17H19NO3.ClH/c1-21-17-9-12-6-7-18-15(14(12)10-16(17)20)8-11-2-4-13(19)5-3-11;/h2-5,9-10,15,18-20H,6-8H2,1H3;1H/t15-;/m1./s1
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| Chemical Name |
(1R)-1-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-7-ol;hydrochloride
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.1075 mL | 15.5376 mL | 31.0752 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6215 mL | 3.1075 mL | 6.2150 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3108 mL | 1.5538 mL | 3.1075 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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