In a dose-dependent manner, amoxicillin (Amoxycillin) (1-100 µM; 24 hours; L. acidophilus) reduces living cells and increases the degree of cell wall rupture[1].

Rat survival rates are increased when rats are given amoxicillin (Amoxycillin) at a dose of 7 mg/kg (i.h.; female ICR/Swiss mice) and strain numbers are inhibited[2].
Swiss albino mice given amoxicillin (also known as amoxycillin) (1.6–9.5 mg/kg; p.o.; daily, for 7 or 14 days) are protected against chlamydia trachomatis infection[3].

Animal Model: Female ICR/Swiss mice[2]
Dosage: 7 mg/kg
Administration: Subcutaneous injection: every eight hours for a full day
Result: exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition on the number of bacteria.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
The bioavailability of amoxicillin is approximately 60%. After oral administration of 250 mg amoxicillin, the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) is 3.93 ± 1.13 mg/L, the time to peak concentration (Tmax) is 1.31 ± 0.33 h, and the area under the curve (AUC) is 27.29 ± 4.72 mg·h/L. After oral administration of 875 mg amoxicillin, the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) is 11.21 ± 3.42 mg/L, the time to peak concentration (Tmax) is 1.52 ± 0.40 h, and the area under the curve (AUC) is 55.04 ± 12.68 mg·h/L. From 125 mg to 1 g of amoxicillin, 70-78% is excreted in the urine after 6 hours. The central volume of distribution of amoxicillin is 27.7 L. The mean clearance rate of amoxicillin is 21.3 L/h. A 48-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with pneumococcal meningitis. After four days of treatment with a high dose of amoxicillin (320 mg/kg/day), she developed acute oliguric renal failure, and amoxicillin crystals were confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. Her condition improved after gradually reducing the amoxicillin dose, undergoing one hemodialysis session, and further fluid resuscitation. Amoxicillin is primarily excreted unchanged in the urine. Amoxicillin readily diffuses into most body tissues and fluids, except for cerebrospinal fluid, except in cases of meningitis. In serum, the protein binding rate of amoxicillin is approximately 20%. Therapeutic concentrations were found in interstitial fluid after administration of a 1-gram dose using a special skin window technique. Although there are reports that the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract can reduce and delay peak serum concentrations of amoxicillin, the total absorption of the drug does not appear to be affected. Researchers administered amoxicillin intravenously, orally, and intramuscularly at doses of 250 mg, 500 mg, and 1000 mg to healthy subjects. Serum drug concentrations were analyzed using a two-compartment open model, and the area under the curve (AUC) and urinary recovery were calculated. Changes in these pharmacokinetic parameters were then examined using three-way ANOVA and linear regression equations. Results confirmed that oral absorption was nearly complete: the AUC was 93% of intravenous absorption, and the urinary recovery rate was 86%. Intramuscular amoxicillin achieved complete and reliable absorption, with peak drug concentrations, AUC, and urinary recovery rates comparable to oral administration. After intramuscular administration of lyophilized amoxicillin, the AUC was 92% of intravenous absorption, and the urinary recovery rate was 91%. Peak serum concentrations, time to peak concentration, and other pharmacokinetic parameters were nearly identical with those of oral administration. Both intramuscular and oral administration showed dose-dependent absorption (absorption rate constant of 1.3/hr for the 250 mg dose and 0.7/hr for the 1000 mg dose). This resulted in a relatively late and lower peak serum concentration with increasing dose. However, total absorption was dose-independent, with changes in urinary recovery and AUC of less than 10%. For more complete data on the absorption, distribution, and excretion of amoxicillin (10 in total), please visit the HSDB record page. Metabolites/Metabolites Seven metabolites were detected after incubation with human liver microsomes. Metabolite M1 underwent hydroxylation, M2 underwent oxidative deamination, M3 through M5 underwent aliphatic chain oxidation, M6 underwent decarboxylation, and M7 underwent glucuronidation. Biological Half-Life The half-life of amoxicillin is 61.3 minutes.

Toxicity Summary
Identification and Use: Amoxicillin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic associated with penicillin. Human Exposure and Toxicity: Severe and even fatal hypersensitivity reactions (anaphylactic shock) have been reported in patients receiving penicillin treatment, including amoxicillin. While anaphylactic shock is more common after parenteral administration, it can also occur in patients receiving oral penicillin. Patients with a history of penicillin allergy and/or allergies to multiple allergens are more prone to such reactions. Severe reactions have been reported in patients with a history of penicillin allergy when treated with cephalosporins. Before initiating amoxicillin treatment, a patient's history of allergies to penicillin, cephalosporins, or other allergens should be carefully investigated. If an anaphylactic reaction occurs, amoxicillin should be discontinued immediately and appropriate treatment should be initiated. There is no evidence of any association between the use of these drugs and the incidence or type of congenital malformations. There is also no association between the use of these drugs and intrauterine growth retardation or perinatal mortality, but the preterm birth rate was significantly higher in users (8.9%) than in non-users (6.5%). Animal studies: Reproductive studies at doses up to 2000 mg/kg have been conducted in mice and rats. There is no evidence that amoxicillin is harmful to the fetus. However, 100 μg/mL of amoxicillin alters kidney development in rats in vitro. Long-term use of amoxicillin may have a negative impact on bone formation around implants. Studies investigating the mutagenicity of amoxicillin alone have not been conducted; however, the following information comes from testing a 4:1 mixture of amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium. Neither amoxicillin nor clavulanate potassium showed mutagenicity in the Ames bacterial mutagenesis assay or yeast gene conversion assay. Amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium were weakly positive in the mouse lymphoma assay. Amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium were negative in the mouse micronucleus assay and mouse dominant lethality assay.

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Interactions
Amoxicillin may affect the gut microbiota, leading to reduced estrogen reabsorption and thus decreasing the efficacy of combined oral estrogen/progestin contraceptives.

Concomitant use of penicillin antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin, carbenicillin) may reduce the renal clearance of methotrexate, presumably through inhibition of renal tubular secretion. In patients receiving low- or high-dose methotrexate treatment, concomitant use of penicillin antibiotics has been reported to have elevated serum methotrexate concentrations, leading to gastrointestinal or hematologic toxicity. Patients receiving both methotrexate and penicillin antibiotics should be closely monitored.
Chloramphenicol, macrolides, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines may interfere with the bactericidal effect of penicillin. This has been confirmed in vitro; however, the clinical significance of this interaction is unclear.
Probenecid can reduce the renal tubular secretion of amoxicillin. Concomitant use of amoxicillin and probenecid may lead to increased amoxicillin blood concentrations and prolong the duration of its concentration.
For more complete data on drug interactions of amoxicillin (7 types), please visit the HSDB record page.

[1]. Metabolic response of Lactobacillus acidophilus exposed to amoxicillin. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 2022 May;75(5):268-281.

[2]. In vivo activities of amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate against Streptococcus pneumoniae: application to breakpoint determinations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998 Sep;42(9):2375-9.

[3]. Activity of oral amoxicillin, ampicillin, and oxytetracycline against infection with chlamydia trachomatis in mice. J Infect Dis. 1979 Jun;139(6):717-9.

[4]. Amoxicillin, a new penicillin antibiotic. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1973 Feb;3(2):262-5.

[5]. Introduction: historical perspective and development of amoxicillin/clavulanate. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007 Dec;30 Suppl 2:S109-12.

Therapeutic Uses

Antimicrobial Drugs
Ear, Nose, and Throat Infections: Amoxicillin capsules are indicated for the treatment of infections caused by amoxicillin-sensitive (β-lactamase-negative) Streptococcus spp. (α-hemolytic and β-hemolytic strains only), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus spp., or Haemophilus influenzae. /US Product Label Includes/
Urogenital Tract Infections: Amoxicillin capsules are indicated for the treatment of infections caused by amoxicillin-sensitive (β-lactamase-negative) Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, or Enterococcus faecalis. /US Product Label Includes/
Skin and Skin Structure Infections: Amoxicillin capsules are indicated for the treatment of infections caused by amoxicillin-sensitive (β-lactamase-negative) Streptococcus spp. (α-hemolytic and β-hemolytic strains only), Staphylococcus spp., or Escherichia coli. /US Product Label Includes/
For more complete data on the therapeutic uses of amoxicillin (17 types), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Drug Warnings
Reproductive studies in mice and rats have shown that amoxicillin is harmless to the fetus. However, there are currently no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because results from animal reproductive studies do not always predict human responses, amoxicillin should only be used in pregnant women when clearly necessary.
A significant proportion of mononucleosis patients treated with amoxicillin develop erythematous rashes. Therefore, amoxicillin should not be given to patients with mononucleosis.
Oral ampicillin is poorly absorbed during labor. It is currently unknown whether the use of amoxicillin during labor will have immediate or delayed adverse effects on the fetus, whether it will prolong labor, or increase the need for obstetric intervention.
Because amoxicillin is excreted into breast milk and may cause allergic reactions in infants, breastfeeding women should use this drug with caution.
Because amoxicillin is generally safe for infants, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that amoxicillin can be used as an anti-infective prophylaxis option for breastfeeding women when anthrax bacteria are known to be sensitive to penicillin and the mother has no contraindications to amoxicillin use. For more complete data on drug warnings for amoxicillin (21 in total), please visit the HSDB records page. Pharmacodynamics: Amoxicillin competitively inhibits penicillin-binding proteins, leading to upregulation of autolysins and inhibition of cell wall synthesis. Amoxicillin has a long duration of action and is usually taken twice daily. Amoxicillin has a wide therapeutic window, and mild overdose does not cause significant toxicity. Patients should be informed of the risks of allergic reactions, Clostridium difficile infection, and bacterial resistance.

C16H19N3O5S

365.4

365.104

C, 52.59; H, 5.24; N, 11.50; O, 21.89; S, 8.78

26787-78-0

Amoxicillin sodium;34642-77-8;Amoxicillin trihydrate;61336-70-7;Amoxicillin-d4;2673270-36-3;Amoxicillin trihydrate mixture with potassium clavulanate (4:1);Amoxicillin-13C6;Amoxicillin arginine;59261-05-1

33613

White to off-white solid powder.

1.6±0.1 g/cm3

701.8±70.0 °C at 760 mmHg

378.2±35.7 °C

0.0±2.3 mmHg at 25°C

1.745

0.92

4

7

4

25

590

4

S1C(C([H])([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[H])[C@]([H])(C(=O)O[H])N2C([C@]([H])([C@@]12[H])N([H])C([C@@]([H])(C1C([H])=C([H])C(=C([H])C=1[H])O[H])N([H])[H])=O)=O

LSQZJLSUYDQPKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C16H19N3O5S/c1-16(2)11(15(23)24)19-13(22)10(14(19)25-16)18-12(21)9(17)7-3-5-8(20)6-4-7/h3-6,9-11,14,20H,17H2,1-2H3,(H,18,21)(H,23,24)

(2S,5R,6R)-6-[[(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid

Amoxicilline Amoxicillin anhydrous Clamoxyl Amopenixin AmoxAmoxycillin; Amoxicilline; Amoxicillin anhydrous; Clamoxyl; Amopenixin; Amox

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : 73 ~83.33 mg/mL (228.05~199.78 mM)
H2O : ~2 mg/mL (~5.47 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (5.69 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (5.69 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (5.69 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

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Solubility in Formulation 4: 10% DMSO+40% PEG300+5% Tween-80+45% Saline: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (5.69 mM)

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)