| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 25mg |
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| ln Vitro |
(±)-Abscisic acid stimulates insulin release from human β-pancreatic cells and from rat insulinoma cells. [1]
(±)-Abscisic acid stimulates glucose uptake in murine myoblasts and adipocytes by increasing the expression and membrane translocation of GLUT4, independent of insulin. [1] The stimulatory effect of (±)-Abscisic acid on glucose transport in L6 myoblasts is not dose-dependent, with a similar effect observed at concentrations ranging from 1 nM to 10 µM. The threshold concentration for this effect is 0.1 nM. [1] In vitro, human β-pancreatic cells and rat myoblasts are both stimulated by nanomolar (±)-Abscisic acid to increase insulin release and glucose uptake, respectively. The lowest effective concentrations were 1.0 mM for insulin release and 0.1 mM for glucose uptake. [1] The stimulation by micromolar (±)-Abscisic acid (1-10 µM) of innate immune cell activation (e.g., human granulocyte phagocytosis, NO production, and migration) is markedly dose-dependent, with a more than 4-fold increase in the functional response when the ABA concentration is increased from 50 nM to 20 µM. [1] |
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| ln Vivo |
In male Wistar rats subjected to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), administration of (±)-Abscisic acid at a dose of 1 µg/kg (either synthetic or present in an aqueous apricot extract) significantly lowered the glycemia profile and the area under the curve (AUC) for glycemia compared to controls. The AUC for insulinemia was also significantly lower in rats treated with 1 µg/kg (±)-Abscisic acid. [1]
In rats subjected to an OGTT, a high dose of (±)-Abscisic acid at 100 mg/kg reduced glycemia but did not significantly reduce insulinemia compared to untreated controls. The mean AUC of glycemia in the 0-60 min time frame was lower in rats treated with the high dose (100 mg/kg) compared to the low dose (1 µg/kg) of the hormone (30.1±5.9 vs. 38.1±6.9 respectively). [1] In healthy human volunteers, intake of fresh apricots containing endogenous (±)-Abscisic acid (dose of 0.5-0.9 µg/kg body weight) resulted in a mean glycemia profile significantly lower than that measured during standard OGTTs. [1] In 3 human volunteers undergoing an OGTT, intake of an aqueous apricot extract yielding a dose of (±)-Abscisic acid of 0.85 µg/kg body weight significantly lowered the AUC of glycemia (paired Student's t-test, P=0.048) and the AUC of insulinemia (paired Student's t-test, P=0.049) compared to OGTT without the extract. [1] In 7 human volunteers consuming a standard breakfast and lunch, intake of an aqueous fruit extract (apricot or apple) providing a dose of (±)-Abscisic acid of 0.5 µg/kg body weight significantly lowered the AUC of glycemia and insulinemia and increased the AUC of plasma ABA levels compared to the control experiment without the extract (unpaired Student's t-test, P < 0.05). The glucose-lowering effect spanned at least 6 hours after intake of the hormone. [1] |
| Animal Protocol |
Male Wistar rats (7 weeks old) were fasted for 17 hours. After mild sedation with diazepam, they were administered 1 g/kg glucose, with or without 1 µg/kg (±)-Abscisic acid (synthetic or in an aqueous apricot extract), by gavage in approximately 300-400 µl water solution. The animals were then anesthetized with xylazine and ketamine. Blood was drawn from the orbital sinus before gavage (time 0) and at 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after gavage. Glycemia was immediately measured with a glucometer. Plasma aliquots were stored for determination of insulinemia. [1]
A fourth group of 6 rats was subjected to an OGTT with synthetic (±)-Abscisic acid at 100 mg/kg. [1] |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
After intake of fresh apricots containing 165 nanomoles (43.5 µg) of endogenous (±)-Abscisic acid, plasma ABA levels in 4 human subjects increased, with peak values reaching 54, 42, 15, and 23 times the time 0 values. The peak plasma ABA levels measured were between 5 and 16 nM. If all ABA present in the apricots were absorbed and evenly distributed in 50-85 kg body weight, the expected blood concentration would be ~2-3 nM, suggesting a high bioavailability of oral (±)-Abscisic acid. [1]
The persistence of the beneficial effect of (±)-Abscisic acid on glucose disposal for several hours (up to 6 hours after intake) may be due to the slow clearance of the hormone, which binds to plasma proteins and thus probably escapes rapid renal filtration. [1] |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The proinflammatory effects (activation of innate immune cells) observed in vitro with 1-10 µM (±)-Abscisic acid may not occur in vivo after administration of microgram amounts resulting in plasma levels on the order of tens of nanomoles per liter. The in vitro effects are markedly dose-dependent, suggesting overt proinflammatory effects in vivo are elicited at micromolar, but not nanomolar, concentrations. [1]
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
2-cis-abscisic acid is a compound of abscisic acid with a cis (natural) geometry between the double bonds at positions 2 and 3. It is an abscisic acid receptor agonist and the conjugate acid of 2-cis-abscisic acid ester. Dormin has been reported in Botrytis cinerea, Axinella polypoides, and Leptosphaeria maculans, with relevant data available. A plant growth substance that promotes abscission has been isolated from the leaves of young cotton fruits, sycamores, birches, and other plants, as well as from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.
(±)-Abscisic acid is a hormone shared by plants and animals with a conserved role as a stress signal regulating cell responses to environmental stimuli. [1] The improved glucose tolerance caused by low-dose (±)-Abscisic acid (0.5-1 µg/kg) in vivo is not due to increased insulin secretion, but rather to a reduction in insulinemia. This suggests the main target of low-dose ABA in vivo is glucose uptake, not insulin release. [1] Antidiabetic drugs capable of lowering glycemia without increasing insulinemia are highly desirable, as prolonged stimulation of β-cells to release insulin under chronic hyperglycemia contributes to β-cell demise. Low-dose (±)-Abscisic acid may support the survival and function of these cells. [1] The dose of (±)-Abscisic acid (0.5-0.9 µg/kg) that produces a significant reduction in glycemia and insulinemia is attainable with a helping of several ABA-rich fruits and vegetables, such as apricots (which contain 1220 pmol ABA/g wet weight). [1] |
| Molecular Formula |
C15H20O4
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
264.3169
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| Exact Mass |
264.136
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| CAS # |
14375-45-2
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| Related CAS # |
Abscisic acid; 21293-29-8; (±)-trans-Abscisic acid; 2228-72-0
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| PubChem CID |
5375199
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid
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| Density |
1.2±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
458.7±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
186-188 °C(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
245.4±25.2 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±2.5 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.583
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| LogP |
1.7
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
19
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| Complexity |
494
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
O([H])C1(/C(/[H])=C(\[H])/C(=C(/[H])\C(=O)O[H])/C([H])([H])[H])C(C([H])([H])[H])=C([H])C(C([H])([H])C1(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H])=O
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| InChi Key |
JLIDBLDQVAYHNE-LXGGSRJLSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C15H20O4/c1-10(7-13(17)18)5-6-15(19)11(2)8-12(16)9-14(15,3)4/h5-8,19H,9H2,1-4H3,(H,17,18)/b6-5+,10-7-
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| Chemical Name |
(2Z,4E)-5-(1-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-en-1-yl)-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid
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| Synonyms |
(±)-ABA
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~250 mg/mL (~945.82 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (7.87 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (7.87 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (7.87 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.7833 mL | 18.9165 mL | 37.8329 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7567 mL | 3.7833 mL | 7.5666 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3783 mL | 1.8916 mL | 3.7833 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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