Ubidecarenone (Coenzyme Q₁₀) acts as an essential cofactor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, transferring electrons from complex I and II to complex III.
It also functions as a potent endogenous antioxidant in mitochondrial and lipid membranes.[3]

Coenzyme Q10 is a crucial component of every cell's mitochondrial respiratory chain. As a result, it plays a crucial role in the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which serves as the energy source for the majority of biological functions. Within the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and plasma membranes, coenzyme Q10 reacts directly with free radicals or restores tocopherol and ascorbic acid from their oxidized states to produce antioxidant effects [1]. Since coenzyme Q10 is widely acknowledged as a vital ingredient that promotes human health, it is a well-liked dietary supplement. Because of its essential role in mitochondrial function and cellular bioenergetics, CoQ10 has been proposed as a therapeutic agent for a range of disorders affecting the cardiovascular system, degenerative neurological system, and neuromuscular system [2].

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Ubidecarenone protects cultured cerebellar neurons against glutamate toxicity.[3]
It also protects neurons against degeneration induced by mumps and sendai virus.[3]

Dietary CoQ10 absorbs slowly and to a limited extent because of its hydrophobic nature and large molecular weight. Dissolved CoQ10 formulations exhibit superior bioavailability when it comes to dietary supplements. Tmax is roughly six hours, and elimination half-life is roughly thirty-three hours. In healthy individuals, the plasma coenzyme Q10 reference interval spans 0.40 to 1.91 mM. There is a rather significant relationship between the increase in plasma CoQ10 and the dose taken in the case of CoQ10 supplements. Research on animals shows that all organs, including the heart and brain mitochondria, absorb high quantities of CoQ10 [2]. CoQ10 treatment led to a substantial rise in CoQ10 concentrations in cerebral cortical mitochondria in 12-month-old rats. A transgenic mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis has a much longer lifespan when coenzyme Q10 is given orally, and it also significantly reduces the striatal damage caused by systemic treatment of 3-nitropropionic acid [3].

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Oral administration of Ubidecarenone at 200 mg/kg/day significantly increased cerebral cortex and brain mitochondrial concentrations of coenzyme Q₁₀ in 12- and 24-month-old rats.[3]
It attenuated striatal lesions induced by systemic administration of the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) in rats.[3]
It significantly increased survival in a transgenic mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) expressing the human G93A SOD1 mutation.[3]
It also attenuated striatal lesions produced by malonate and dopamine depletions induced by MPTP in older mice.[3]

Coenzyme Q₁₀ and vitamin E levels were measured by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Tissue samples were sonicated in a methanol/ethanol buffer, centrifuged, and the supernatant injected into the HPLC system. The detector was set at -600 mV and +200 mV. Retention times were recorded for oxidized and reduced forms of coenzyme Q₉ and Q₁₀, and α-tocopherol.[3]

Male Sprague-Dawley rats (12-month-old) were fed a diet supplemented with Ubidecarenone at 200 mg/kg/day for up to 2 months.[3]
Fisher 344 rats (24-month-old) were fed the same dose for 1 month.[3]
For neuroprotection studies against 3-NP, rats received Ubidecarenone for 1 week before 3-NP administration (10 mg/kg i.p. twice daily until symptomatic).[3]
In a transgenic ALS mouse model (G93A SOD1), mice were fed Ubidecarenone at 200 mg/kg/day starting at 50 days of age until end-stage disease.[3]

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Ubiquinone is absorbed into the lymphatic system via the small intestine and then enters the bloodstream. Its hydrophobicity and large molecular weight limit its absorption, resulting in a low absorption rate, which is affected by food intake and the lipid content of the food. Absorption is lower on an empty stomach and higher on a high-fat diet. After daily administration of ubiquinone, serum concentrations reach peak levels after three weeks and then stabilize. Pharmacokinetic characteristics of ubiquinone may vary between different brands, but studies have reported an AUC of 11.51 mcg·h/ml, a Cmax of 0.32 mcg/ml, and a time to peak concentration of 7.9 hours. The primary route of excretion for ubiquinone is bile. After oral administration, over 60% of the dose is excreted in feces as unchanged ubiquinone and a small amount of metabolites. In urine, ubiquinone binds to sphingosine-2-phosphorylase B protein, accounting for only 8.3% of the total administered dose. Ubiquinone is distributed throughout the body and can enter the brain. Preclinical studies of intravenously administered ubiquinone showed a volume of distribution of 20.4 L/kg, reflecting its extensive penetration into various organs and tissues. Generally, tissues with high energy demands or active metabolism tend to contain higher levels of ubiquinone; these organs include the heart, kidneys, liver, and muscles. In preclinical studies of intravenously administered ubiquinone, the total clearance was 1.18 ml h/kg, indicating a relatively slow elimination process. Metabolism/Metabolites Studies have shown that ubiquinone does not exhibit saturation during metabolism. It is metabolized in all tissues; after intracellular phosphorylation, ubiquinone is transported to the kidneys and ultimately excreted in the urine. After exerting its effects, ubiquinone is reduced to hydroquinone, which can be recycled and used to regenerate other antioxidants, such as tocopherol and ascorbic acid. Subsequent metabolism of hydroquinone produces free and bound coenzyme Q1 and coenzyme Q2 acid I and II.

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Biological half-life
The pharmacokinetic properties of different brands may vary, but studies have shown that the half-life of ubiquinone is 21.7 hours.

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Oral supplementation with ubiquinone can increase the concentration of ubiquinone in the cerebral cortex and brain mitochondria of aged rats, with significant increases observed after 7, 30 and 60 days of treatment. [3]
In 24-month-old rats, the brain tissue corrected coenzyme Q₁₀ increased from 68.6 ± 3.9 ng/mg protein to 74.4 ± 2.8 ng/mg protein, and the total coenzyme Q₁₀ increased from 75.2 ± 4.0 ng/mg protein to 81.4 ± 2.7 ng/mg protein. [3]
No significant protein accumulation was observed in the brain tissue of young animals (1-2 months old). [3]

Hepatotoxicity
Coenzyme Q10 is generally considered safe and has not been found to be associated with elevated serum transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, or bilirubin levels. Despite its widespread use for decades, there are no convincing reports of clinical liver injury. Probability Score: E (Unlikely a cause of clinical liver injury). Drug Category: Nutritional Supplement Other Names: Ubiquinone, Hemiubiquinone, Panthenol, CoQ10 Protein Binding In the blood, ubiquinone is broken down into various lipoprotein particles, including low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Plasma ubiquinone concentrations are highly dependent on the presence of plasma lipoproteins, with approximately 95% of the administered form existing in its reduced form.

[1]. Coenzyme Q10 treatment of cardiovascular disorders of ageing including heart failure, hypertension and endothelial dysfunction. Clin Chim Acta. 2015 Oct 23;450:83-9.

[2]. Coenzyme Q10: absorption, tissue uptake, metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Free Radic Res. 2006 May;40(5):445-53.

[3]. Coenzyme Q10 administration increases brain mitochondrial concentrations and exerts neuroprotective effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Jul 21;95(15):8892-7.

Coenzyme Q10 is a ubiquinone whose side chain consists of 10 isoprene units. In its naturally occurring isomers, all isoprene double bonds are in the E configuration. It is a human metabolite, an inhibitor of ferroptosis, and an antioxidant. Ubiquinone, also known as coenzyme Q10, is a 1,4-benzoquinone. The "Q" in its name (Q10) represents the quinone group, and "10" represents the number of isoprene subunits in its tail. It is a potent, lipid-soluble antioxidant and an essential cofactor in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Ubiquinone is a coenzyme in the mitochondrial enzyme complex involved in oxidative phosphorylation to ATP production. It is crucial for cells with high metabolic demands. Ubiquinone is sold as a dietary supplement and has not received drug approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)—it is not intended to treat, cure, or prevent any disease. The FDA does not approve such dietary supplements before they are marketed and does not regulate their manufacturing process. Ubiquinone-10 is a metabolite found or produced in Escherichia coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain). Coenzyme Q10, also known as ubiquinone, is an enzyme cofactor present in almost all cells of the human body, participating in many important energy production and antioxidant enzymatic reactions. Although the human body can usually synthesize enough coenzyme Q10, it is still used as a nutritional supplement for some diseases that are highly dependent on its effects (some of which are associated with low serum coenzyme levels). Coenzyme Q10 supplements are generally well tolerated, and there is no evidence that they cause elevated serum enzymes or clinically significant liver damage. Coenzyme Q10 has been reported in Fusarium fujikuroi, Cytisus scoparius, and other organisms with relevant data. Coenzyme Q10 is a naturally occurring benzoquinone that plays an important role in electron transport within the mitochondrial membrane of cells. Coenzyme Q10 functions as an endogenous antioxidant; deficiency of this enzyme has been observed in patients with various cancers, and limited research suggests that coenzyme Q10 may induce tumor regression in breast cancer patients. This substance may have immunostimulatory effects. (NCI04)
See also: …See more…

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Drug Indications
As indicated on the product label, dietary supplements containing ubiquinone are intended to help patients with cardiovascular diseases, including congestive heart failure and systolic hypertension. The ubiquinone in this product is used to enhance heart function and, based on preclinical studies, for the prevention of various diseases including Parkinson's disease, fibromyalgia, migraines, periodontitis, and diabetes. It is important to emphasize that these products have not yet been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and caution is advised when using them.

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Mechanism of Action
Ubiquinone is an important cofactor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Its function is to accept electrons from complexes I and II, an activity crucial for ATP production. It acts as a mobile redox agent, shuttling electrons and protons in the electron transport chain. Ubiquinone also has antioxidant activity in mitochondria and cell membranes, preventing lipid membrane peroxidation and inhibiting the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Pharmacodynamics Ubiquinone plays a role in many physiological processes, including sulfide oxidation, regulation of mitochondrial permeability transition pores, and transport of protons and calcium ions across biological membranes. Studies have shown that ubiquinone has beneficial effects in the treatment of cancer, statin myopathy, congestive heart failure, and hypertension. Ubiquinone is a lipid-soluble compound consisting of a quinone structure and a hydrophobic tail, and coenzyme Q₁₀ is the main form in the human body. [3] In humans and rodents, the content of ubiquinone decreases with age, possibly due to reduced synthesis or increased lipid peroxidation. [3] Due to its neuroprotective, antioxidant, and mitochondrial function-maintaining effects, ubiquinone may help treat neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. [3]

C59H90O4

863.36

862.683

303-98-0

Coenzyme Q10-d6;110971-02-3;Coenzyme Q10-d9;2687960-97-8

5281915

Yellow to orange solid powder

1.0±0.1 g/cm3

869.0±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg

49-51 °C

324.6±34.3 °C

0.0±3.3 mmHg at 25°C

1.526

20.93

0

4

31

63

1840

0

CC1=C(C(=O)C(=C(C1=O)OC)OC)C/C=C(\C)/CC/C=C(\C)/CC/C=C(\C)/CC/C=C(\C)/CC/C=C(\C)/CC/C=C(\C)/CC/C=C(\C)/CC/C=C(\C)/CC/C=C(\C)/CCC=C(C)C

ACTIUHUUMQJHFO-UPTCCGCDSA-N

InChI=1S/C59H90O4/c1-44(2)24-15-25-45(3)26-16-27-46(4)28-17-29-47(5)30-18-31-48(6)32-19-33-49(7)34-20-35-50(8)36-21-37-51(9)38-22-39-52(10)40-23-41-53(11)42-43-55-54(12)56(60)58(62-13)59(63-14)57(55)61/h24,26,28,30,32,34,36,38,40,42H,15-23,25,27,29,31,33,35,37,39,41,43H2,1-14H3/b45-26+,46-28+,47-30+,48-32+,49-34+,50-36+,51-38+,52-40+,53-42+

2-[(2E,6E,10E,14E,18E,22E,26E,30E,34E)-3,7,11,15,19,23,27,31,35,39-decamethyltetraconta-2,6,10,14,18,22,26,30,34,38-decaenyl]-5,6-dimethoxy-3-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione

Ubidecarenone Vitamin Q COQ10 ubiquinone coenzyme Q Coenzyme Q10

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: (1). Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light.  (2). This product is not stable in solution, please use freshly prepared working solution for optimal results.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMF : 20 mg/mL (~23.17 mM)
Ethanol : ~2.5 mg/mL (~2.90 mM)
DMSO : ~1 mg/mL (~1.16 mM)
H2O : < 0.1 mg/mL

Solubility in Formulation 1: 3 mg/mL (3.47 mM) in 10% DMF 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with sonication.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 2: 13.33 mg/mL (15.44 mM) in 20% HP-β-CD in Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with ultrasonication.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)