| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| Other Sizes |
Purity: ≥98%
| Targets |
Trovafloxacin mesylate targets bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. These enzymes are essential for bacterial DNA replication and transcription. By inhibiting these enzymes, the compound prevents the supercoiling and decatenation of DNA, leading to the accumulation of double-strand breaks and ultimately bacterial cell death. The compound also targets the pannexin 1 (PANX1) channel, a large-pore channel involved in various physiological and pathological processes, including inflammation and cell death.
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| ln Vitro |
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage in HepG2 cells is increased and apoptosis is induced when trovafloxacin (20 µM; 24 hours; HepG2 cells) is incubated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF; 4 ng/mL). Early NF-κB-related factors A20 and IκBα are expressed more when HEG2 cells are incubated with trovafloxacin (20 µM; 24 hours) and TNF (4 ng/mL) [1]. The activation of IKKα/β and MAPK caused by TNF in HepG2 is prolonged by trovafloxacin [1]. Effectively preventing apoptotic cells from absorbing TO-PRO-3 is trovafloxacin. The release of ATP from apoptotic cells is likewise inhibited by trovafloxacin. Trovafloxacin does not prevent the activation of caspase 3/7 or the cleavage of PANX1 during apoptosis by caspase mediators [2]. MICs of 0.06-0.25 mg/mL have been reported for trovafloxacin against over 700 isolates, indicating that it is equally effective against both penicillin-susceptible and resistant pneumococci. Trovafloxacin inhibits 90% of the isolates of 55 pneumococci with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.125 μg/mL [3].
In vitro, trovafloxacin mesylate has been shown to be a potent antibacterial agent with broad-spectrum activity. It inhibits the growth of a wide range of bacterial pathogens. The compound's activity is concentration-dependent, and it exhibits both bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects. In addition to its antibacterial activity, the compound inhibits PANX1 channel activity with an IC50 of 4 μM. This activity has been demonstrated using electrophysiological techniques on cells expressing PANX1. |
| ln Vivo |
TNF-induced p65 nuclear translocation was eliminated by trovafloxacin (150 mg/kg; oral; male C57BL/6 J mice). Early NF-κB-related factors A20 and IκBα are expressed more when trovafloxacin is used [1]. When lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was given to mice, trovafloxacin resulted in significant hepatotoxicity. This was accompanied by significant apoptotic regions in the liver, elevated ALT and proinflammatory cytokines in the serum. connected to higher quantities [1].
In vivo, trovafloxacin mesylate has been studied for its antibacterial efficacy in animal models of infection. Its oral activity makes it a convenient option for oral administration. However, its clinical use has been limited due to safety concerns, including hepatotoxicity. The compound's PANX1 inhibitory activity may contribute to its pharmacological effects, but its clinical relevance is not fully understood. |
| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme or receptor binding (non-cell) assays for trovafloxacin mesylate involve measuring its inhibition of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. These assays use purified recombinant enzymes and a DNA substrate. The supercoiling or relaxation of DNA is measured using gel electrophoresis or a fluorescent method. The compound is incubated with the enzyme and substrate at varying concentrations, and the IC50 is determined. The compound's PANX1 inhibitory activity can be assessed using electrophysiological methods on isolated membrane patches or using dye uptake assays.
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| Cell Assay |
Apoptosis analysis [1]
Cell Types: HepG2 Cell Tested Concentrations: 20 µM Incubation Duration: 24 hrs (hours) Experimental Results: Annexin V staining gradually increased and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage increased at 24 hrs (hours). RT-PCR[1] Cell Types: HepG2 cells Tested Concentrations: 20 µM Incubation Duration: 24 hrs (hours) Experimental Results: Caused higher increase in A20 and IκBα transcription in HepG2 cells. In vitro cell-based assays for trovafloxacin mesylate are performed using bacterial cultures to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The compound's antibacterial activity is assessed using standard broth microdilution or agar dilution methods. Its PANX1 inhibitory activity is assessed using cells expressing PANX1, and dye uptake or electrophysiological measurements are used to monitor channel activity. The compound's effects on cell viability and inflammatory responses are also assessed. |
| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: Male C57BL/6 J mice (9-11 weeks old) were injected with recombinant mouse TNF ions [1].
Doses: 150 mg/kg. Route of Administration: oral administration; injection administration. Experimental Results: An increased number of cells demonstrated an increased nuclear/cytoplasmic p65 ratio in the liver. In vivo animal experiments for trovafloxacin mesylate are conducted using animal models of bacterial infection. The compound is administered orally or intravenously, and its efficacy is evaluated by measuring the reduction in bacterial load in tissues. The compound's pharmacokinetic profile and tissue distribution are also studied in animal models. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of trovafloxacin mesylate indicate that it is orally active. The compound has a molecular weight of 512.46 and a molecular formula of C21H19F3N4O6S. It is soluble in DMSO (>10 mg/mL). The compound is well-absorbed after oral administration and has good tissue distribution. It is metabolized in the liver and excreted renally. Its half-life is relatively long, allowing for once-daily dosing.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation
◉ Overview of Use During Lactation Currently, there is no clinical information regarding the use of trovafloxacin during lactation; however, the drug concentration in breast milk appears to be very low. Traditionally, fluoroquinolones are not recommended for use in infants due to concerns about adverse effects on the developing joints of infants. However, recent studies suggest the risk is minimal. Calcium in breast milk may prevent the absorption of small amounts of fluoroquinolones in breast milk, but there is currently insufficient data to confirm or refute this claim. Lactating women can use trovafloxacin, but monitoring for potential impacts on the infant's gut microbiota, such as diarrhea or candidiasis (thrush, diaper rash), is necessary. However, alternative medications with available safety information are preferred. ◉ Effects on Breastfed Infants No published information found as of the revision date. ◉ Effects on Lactation and Breast Milk No published information found as of the revision date. Toxicology (toxicology) data for trovafloxacin mesylate are significant, as the compound has been associated with serious hepatotoxicity, leading to its restricted use. The mechanism of hepatotoxicity is not fully understood but may involve mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Other side effects include gastrointestinal disturbances, central nervous system effects, and phototoxicity. The compound is contraindicated in patients with liver disease and should be used with caution in other populations. |
| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Travafloxacin mesylate is a mesylate salt prepared from equimolar amounts of travafloxacin and mesylate. It was a broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to the risk of liver failure. It has antibacterial, antimicrobial, DNA synthesis inhibitor, hepatotoxic, and topoisomerase IV inhibitory effects. It contains travafloxacin (1+).
See also: Travafloxacin mesylate (note moved to). Drug Indications Travafloxacin is a synthetic broad-spectrum quinolone antibacterial agent indicated for the treatment of the following infections in adults: Pneumonia: Community-acquired pneumonia and hospital-acquired pneumonia (mild, moderate, and severe). Note: Its efficacy in patients with very severe hospital-acquired pneumonia, especially those caused by less susceptible pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, has not been established. See also Section 4.2. Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, acute sinusitis, complicated intra-abdominal infections and acute pelvic infections, salpingitis, uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis, chlamydial cervicitis, and complicated skin and soft tissue infections. Official guidelines for the rational use of antibiotics should be considered. Other information: Trovafloxacin mesylate is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic that was developed for the treatment of various bacterial infections. Its use has been limited due to hepatotoxicity. The compound is also a PANX1 channel inhibitor. Its CAS number is 147059-75-4. |
| Molecular Formula |
C21H19F3N4O6S
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
512.45896
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| Exact Mass |
512.098
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| CAS # |
147059-75-4
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| Related CAS # |
Trovafloxacin;147059-72-1
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| PubChem CID |
62960
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Boiling Point |
630.5ºC at 760mmHg
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| Melting Point |
>250 °C (dec.)
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| Flash Point |
335.1ºC
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| Vapour Pressure |
2.59E-24mmHg at 25°C
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| LogP |
3.244
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
13
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
35
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| Complexity |
863
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
2
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| SMILES |
CS(=O)(=O)O.C1[C@@H]2[C@@H](C2N)CN1C3=C(C=C4C(=O)C(=CN(C4=N3)C5=C(C=C(C=C5)F)F)C(=O)O)F
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| InChi Key |
DYNZICQDCVYXFW-GIPYJWDTSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C20H15F3N4O3.CH4O3S/c21-8-1-2-15(13(22)3-8)27-7-12(20(29)30)17(28)9-4-14(23)19(25-18(9)27)26-5-10-11(6-26)16(10)24;1-5(2,3)4/h1-4,7,10-11,16H,5-6,24H2,(H,29,30);1H3,(H,2,3,4)/t10-,11+,16?;
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| Chemical Name |
7-[(1R,5S)-6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-yl]-1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid;methanesulfonic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~125 mg/mL (~243.92 mM)
H2O : ~20 mg/mL (~39.03 mM) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (4.06 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (4.06 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.9514 mL | 9.7569 mL | 19.5137 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3903 mL | 1.9514 mL | 3.9027 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1951 mL | 0.9757 mL | 1.9514 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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