| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 500mg |
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| 1g |
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| 5g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Trolox targets reactive oxygen species (ROS) and acts primarily by neutralizing ROS and inhibiting lipid peroxidation, thereby protecting cellular membranes and macromolecules from oxidative damage. It also inhibits ferroptosis.
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| ln Vitro |
It has been demonstrated that trolox shields cardiac cells from oxidative damage that bridges. In cell tests in a canine model where left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) blockage was given for two hours and then for four hours, trolox was found to be efficient in preventing muscle cell death [1]. Trolox shields thymocytes against oxidative induction. H2O2-induced DNA fragmentation is reduced to control levels or lower by removal or Trolox post-treatment of cells [2]. Trolox is a hydrophilic derivative of alpha-tocopherol that has been shown to improve vitamin E's scavenging efficiency of peroxide-activated proteins in phosphosomes and lauryl sulfate micelles. Trolox shields the mitochondria of red blood cells from azo agonist exposure and considerably extends the duration for which myocardial and hepatic cells resist xanthine oxidase and hypoxanthine-generated oxygen induction [3].
In vitro, trolox has been shown to protect mammalian cells from oxidative damage. It efficiently prevents the formation of different reactive oxygen species such as singlet oxygen (¹O₂), superoxide anion (O₂⁻), and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). It inhibits peroxynitrite-mediated tyrosine nitration and mitochondrial proton permeability. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, trolox is effective in preventing myocyte necrosis in cell culture studies and in a canine model of two hours of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion followed by four hours of reperfusion. In mice, trolox inhibits osteoclast formation by downregulating RANKL-induced and c-Fos expression.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme/receptor binding assays for trolox typically involve evaluating its antioxidant activity using cell-free assays such as DPPH, ABTS, or FRAP. IC50 or EC50 values are determined by measuring radical scavenging activity.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cell-based assays, trolox is dissolved in DMSO or aqueous buffers and applied to cultured cells at concentrations ranging from 10 µM to 10 mM. Effects on oxidative stress, cell viability, or apoptosis are assessed after 1-24 hours of treatment.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies commonly use rodent models of ischemia-reperfusion injury or oxidative stress. Trolox is administered orally or intraperitoneally at doses ranging from 1-100 mg/kg. Efficacy is evaluated by measuring markers of oxidative stress, tissue damage, and functional recovery.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Trolox has a molecular formula of C14H18O4. It is a water-soluble derivative of vitamin E with potent antioxidant properties. It is cell-permeable.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Trolox has a favorable safety profile with no significant toxicity reported at research doses. It is widely used as a reference antioxidant in biochemical and pharmaceutical research.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Trolox is a chromoyl alcohol with a 6-hydroxychromoyl group substituted at the 2-position with a carboxyl group, and methyl groups substituted at the 2, 5, 7, and 8-positions. It is a water-soluble vitamin E analog that can cross cell membranes and is often used as a standard for determining the antioxidant capacity of complex mixtures. Trolox possesses antioxidant, free radical scavenging, Wnt signaling pathway inhibition, neuroprotective, and ferroptosis-inhibiting effects. It is a chromoyl alcohol, belonging to the phenolic class of compounds, and is also a monocarboxylic acid. Trolox has been reported to exist in Penicillium citrinum, Punica granatum, and other organisms with relevant data.
Trolox is used in biological or biochemical applications to reduce oxidative stress or damage. It is a powerful inhibitor of membrane damage. It is used as a reference standard in antioxidant assays and as a tool compound for studying oxidative stress pathways. |
| Molecular Formula |
C14H18O4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
250.2903
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| Exact Mass |
250.12
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| CAS # |
53188-07-1
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| Related CAS # |
(R)-Trolox;53101-49-8;(S)-Trolox;53174-06-4
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| PubChem CID |
40634
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| Appearance |
Off-white to gray solid powder
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| Density |
1.2±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
450.3±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
187-189ºC(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
171.0±22.2 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.2 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.568
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| LogP |
3.01
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
18
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| Complexity |
343
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
GLEVLJDDWXEYCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C14H18O4/c1-7-8(2)12-10(9(3)11(7)15)5-6-14(4,18-12)13(16)17/h15H,5-6H2,1-4H3,(H,16,17)
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| Chemical Name |
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-3,4-dihydrochromene-2-carboxylic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (~399.54 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (8.31 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (8.31 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (8.31 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.9954 mL | 19.9768 mL | 39.9537 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7991 mL | 3.9954 mL | 7.9907 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3995 mL | 1.9977 mL | 3.9954 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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