| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg |
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| 500mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
(S)-Trolox targets reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a potent antioxidant. It scavenges free radicals and protects cells from oxidative damage. Its mechanism involves donating a hydrogen atom to neutralize free radicals, thereby preventing lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress.
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| ln Vitro |
In rat cerebellar granule cell (CGC) preparations, the neuroprotective effectiveness of antioxidant compounds against iodoacetic acid (IAA) neurotoxicity was investigated. MK-801 was not present, and (S)-Trolox only slightly protected the neurons. MK-801 (10 μM) significantly increased the neuroprotective efficacy of (S)-Trolox, leading to a recovery of MTT reductase activity equal to 80–100% of control cultures. The EC50 value of (S)-Trolox is 78 μM. At 97 μM, the antioxidant (S)-Trolox reduced the IAA-stimulated fluorescence rise in DCFH-DA laden cultures in a dose-dependent manner. When the glycolytic enzyme GAPDH is inhibited in an in vitro model of dementia, the antioxidant (S)-Trolox shows strong and targeted neuroprotective benefits [1].
In vitro, (S)-Trolox is a potent antioxidant that scavenges free radicals. It is widely used as a standard in antioxidant assays such as DPPH, ABTS, and ORAC. Its activity makes it a valuable tool for studying oxidative stress and antioxidant defense mechanisms. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, (S)-Trolox has been studied for its antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. As a water-soluble vitamin E analog, it can be administered to animal models to study its effects on oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases. Its ability to scavenge free radicals translates to in vivo efficacy.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro assays for (S)-Trolox typically involve measuring its antioxidant activity using DPPH, ABTS, or ORAC assays. The compound is incubated with the radical-generating system, and the decrease in absorbance is measured spectrophotometrically. Trolox equivalents are calculated from standard curves.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cell-based assays, cells are cultured and treated with (S)-Trolox at various concentrations. Oxidative stress is induced by exposure to H₂O₂ or other oxidants. Cell viability is assessed by MTT or other standard assays. Intracellular ROS levels are measured using DCFH-DA fluorescent probe.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies with (S)-Trolox are conducted in models of oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. The compound is administered orally or intraperitoneally to rodents. Oxidative stress markers, such as MDA and 8-OHdG, are measured in tissues. Neuroprotective effects are assessed by behavioral tests and histopathology.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
(S)-Trolox (CAS: 53174-06-4) has a molecular weight of 250.29 g/mol and a molecular formula of C14H18O4. Appearance: solid powder. Purity: ≥98%. Solubility: water-soluble. Storage: -20°C. The compound is a water-soluble analog of vitamin E.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
(S)-Trolox is generally considered to have low toxicity. It is used as a research compound and is not approved for human therapeutic use. In preclinical studies, it has shown a favorable safety profile. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be followed when handling the compound.
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| References |
[1]. Malcolm CS, et al. Characterization of iodoacetate-mediated neurotoxicity in vitro using primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):102-7.
[2]. Górecki M, et al. Chromane helicity rule--scope and challenges based on an ECD study of various trolox derivatives. Org Biomol Chem. 2014 Apr 14;12(14):2235-54. |
| Additional Infomation |
(S)-Trolox is the (S)-enantiomer of Trolox, a water-soluble analog of vitamin E. It is a potent antioxidant used as a standard in antioxidant assays. It is not FDA-approved as a drug and is intended for research use only.
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| Molecular Formula |
C₁₄H₁₈O₄
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
250.29
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| Exact Mass |
250.121
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| CAS # |
53174-06-4
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| Related CAS # |
Trolox;53188-07-1;(R)-Trolox;53101-49-8
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| PubChem CID |
688071
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| Appearance |
Off-white to yellow solid powder
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| Density |
1.219g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
450.3ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
160ºC (dec.)(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
171ºC
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| Index of Refraction |
1.567
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| LogP |
2.485
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
18
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| Complexity |
343
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
CC1=C(C(=C2CC[C@@](C)(C(=O)O)OC2=C1C)C)O
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| InChi Key |
GLEVLJDDWXEYCO-AWEZNQCLSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C14H18O4/c1-7-8(2)12-10(9(3)11(7)15)5-6-14(4,18-12)13(16)17/h15H,5-6H2,1-4H3,(H,16,17)/t14-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-3,4-dihydrochromene-2-carboxylic acid
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| Synonyms |
(S)Trolox; (S) Trolox
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~399.54 mM)
H2O : < 0.1 mg/mL |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (9.99 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (9.99 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.9954 mL | 19.9768 mL | 39.9537 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7991 mL | 3.9954 mL | 7.9907 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3995 mL | 1.9977 mL | 3.9954 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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