| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg |
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| 500mg |
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| 1g |
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| 5g | |||
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| Targets |
Purpurin targets multiple enzymes. It is a reversible and competitive inhibitor of MAO-A with a Ki of 0.422 μM. It strongly inhibits CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1. The compound is also a potent, specific inhibitor of glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GDH1/GLUD1) with a Ki of 1.9 μM. Additionally, it targets adipocyte-derived leucine aminopeptidase and exhibits xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, purpurin exhibits anti-angiogenic, antifungal, antibiotic, and antioxidative activities. It inhibits cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth through GDH1 inhibition. The compound specifically inhibits GDH activity but not other NADPH-dependent enzymes such as 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. It also exhibits antibacterial and antifungal properties.
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| ln Vivo |
Purpurin (Orally; 2, 6, 18 mg/kg for 3 weeks) affects behavior and stress axis reactivity in adult male C57BL/6J mice in a dose-dependent manner (6-7 weeks old upon arrival)[1].
In vivo, purpurin reduces the formation of azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci in rat colon studies through xanthine oxidase inhibition. It inhibits tumor growth in cancer models. The compound's anti-angiogenic activity suggests potential in vascular-related disorders. Further in vivo studies are needed to fully characterize its pharmacological effects and therapeutic potential. |
| Enzyme Assay |
For in vitro enzyme inhibition assays, purpurin can be evaluated against multiple targets. For MAO-A inhibition, the enzyme is incubated with varying concentrations of the compound and a substrate (such as kynuramine). MAO activity is measured by fluorometric detection of the product. Ki values are determined from Lineweaver-Burk plots. For CYP inhibition, microsomal preparations are used with CYP-specific substrates, and activity is measured by LC-MS/MS.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cell-based assays, purpurin is typically tested on cancer cell lines. Cells are treated with the compound at various concentrations (typically 1-100 μM) for 24-72 hours. Cell viability and proliferation are assessed using MTT or CCK-8 assays. Apoptosis can be evaluated by flow cytometry. Anti-angiogenic activity can be assessed using endothelial cell tube formation assays.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo animal experiments, purpurin has been studied in rat colon cancer models induced by azoxymethane. The compound is administered orally or intraperitoneally to the animals. Aberrant crypt foci in the colon are counted to evaluate chemopreventive efficacy. Tumor growth inhibition can be assessed in xenograft models. Histopathological examination of tissues is performed to evaluate efficacy and safety.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic data for purpurin are limited. As an anthraquinone with a molecular weight of 256.21 g/mol and formula C₁₄H₈O₅, it is expected to have moderate oral bioavailability. The compound may undergo metabolism in the liver. Standard pharmacokinetic studies would be required to determine its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion profile.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for purpurin are limited. As a natural anthraquinone, it may have cytotoxic effects at high concentrations. However, comprehensive toxicological studies have not been extensively reported. The compound is classified as a research-grade reagent and is not for human use. Standard laboratory safety practices should be followed when handling.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Purpurin is a trihydroxyanthraquinone derived from anthracene, with carbonyl groups substituted at C-9 and C-10, and hydroxyl groups substituted at C-1, C-2, and C-4. It is a biopigment, histological dye, and plant metabolite. Purpurin has been reported in Rubia argyi, Rubia wallichiana, and other organisms with relevant data. See also: Root (part) of Rubia tinctorum.
Purpurin is a research-use only compound and has not been approved for clinical applications. It is also known as Verantin, hydroxylizaric acid, and羟基茜草素 in Chinese. The compound is a natural colorant from madder roots. Its molecular weight is 256.21 and formula is C₁₄H₈O₅. It is available from various research chemical suppliers. |
| Molecular Formula |
C14H8O5
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
256.2103
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| Exact Mass |
256.037
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| CAS # |
81-54-9
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| PubChem CID |
6683
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| Appearance |
Pink to red solid powder
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| Density |
1.7±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
525.1±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
253-256ºC(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
285.4±25.2 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.4 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.773
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| LogP |
4.6
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
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| Heavy Atom Count |
19
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| Complexity |
407
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
BBNQQADTFFCFGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C14H8O5/c15-8-5-9(16)14(19)11-10(8)12(17)6-3-1-2-4-7(6)13(11)18/h1-5,15-16,19H
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| Chemical Name |
1,2,4-trihydroxyanthracene-9,10-dione
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~125 mg/mL (~487.88 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 10 mg/mL (39.03 mM) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with sonication.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 100.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: 10 mg/mL (39.03 mM) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with ultrasonication. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 100.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.9030 mL | 19.5152 mL | 39.0305 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7806 mL | 3.9030 mL | 7.8061 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3903 mL | 1.9515 mL | 3.9030 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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