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| Targets |
Pseudoprotodioscin targets multiple pathways involved in lipid metabolism and cancer. It inhibits SREBP1/2 (sterol regulatory element-binding proteins 1 and 2) and microRNA 33a/b levels, reducing the gene expression related to the synthesis of cholesterol and triglycerides. This mechanism underlies its lipid-lowering effects. Its anticancer activity is mediated through cytotoxicity against cancer cells, with IC50s of 5.73 μM against A375, L929, and HeLa cells. Its anti-inflammatory activity suggests modulation of inflammatory mediators. The compound shows a weaker suppressing effect on the production of inflammatory cytokines.
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| ln Vitro |
Pseudoprotodioscin stimulates ABCA1 mRNA and protein levels in Hep G2 cells and facilitates ApoA-1-mediated cholesterol efflux. SREBP1c and SREBP2 transcription is inhibited by pseudoprotodioscin through a reduction in microRNA 33a/b levels. The levels of ABCA1 increased as a result of this process. Similar results are shown in THP-1 macrophages when pseudoprotodioscin is used; it lowers the levels of HMGCR, FAS, and ACC mRNA and increases the low density lipoprotein receptor by lowering PCSK9 levels[1].
In vitro, Pseudoprotodioscin has demonstrated cytotoxicity against A375, L929, and HeLa cancer cells with IC50s of 5.73 μM. It exhibits anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. It inhibits SREBP1/2 and microRNA 33a/b levels and reduces the gene expression related to the synthesis of cholesterol and triglycerides. It can suppress melanogenesis in B16F1 cells. These activities confirm its potential for cancer, inflammation, and metabolic disease research. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Pseudoprotodioscin has been studied for its anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. Its ability to inhibit SREBP1/2 and reduce cholesterol and triglyceride synthesis suggests potential for treating metabolic diseases. However, detailed in vivo efficacy and safety data are limited. The compound is primarily used in research applications. Further studies are needed to fully characterize its in vivo biological activity and therapeutic potential. The compound is intended for research use only and not for human therapeutic applications.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For in vitro biochemical assays, Pseudoprotodioscin is evaluated for its effects on lipid metabolism and cell viability. SREBP1/2 activity is assessed by measuring the expression of SREBP target genes using qPCR or by measuring SREBP protein levels by Western blotting. microRNA 33a/b levels are measured by qPCR. Cholesterol and triglyceride synthesis is measured using radiolabeled precursors or colorimetric assays. Cytotoxicity is assessed using MTT or SRB assays to determine IC50 values against cancer cell lines. Anti-inflammatory activity is assessed by measuring cytokine production. These cell-free and cell-based assays help characterize the compound's multiple biological activities.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays for Pseudoprotodioscin are performed using various cell types including cancer cells (A375, L929, HeLa), melanocytes (B16F1), and hepatocytes. Cells are cultured in standard media and treated with the compound at various concentrations. Cell viability is assessed using MTT or SRB assays. Apoptosis is evaluated by measuring caspase activity and Annexin V/PI staining. SREBP1/2 and microRNA 33a/b expression is measured by qPCR. Cholesterol and triglyceride levels are measured using commercial kits. Melanin production is measured in B16F1 cells. These cellular assays help validate the compound's anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-lowering activities.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments with Pseudoprotodioscin are not extensively documented. As a compound with anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities, it could be studied in models of inflammation, cancer, and metabolic diseases. Administration routes would include oral gavage, intraperitoneal injection, or intravenous injection. Efficacy endpoints would depend on the specific disease model and could include tumor growth inhibition, inflammation reduction, or improvement in lipid profiles. Researchers should consult the primary literature for any available in vivo protocols and data.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of Pseudoprotodioscin are not extensively documented. As a large steroidal saponin with a molecular weight of 1031.18, it is expected to have limited oral bioavailability. The compound may be metabolized by intestinal microbiota. Detailed PK parameters such as half-life, Cmax, Tmax, AUC, and protein binding are not available in the literature. The compound should be stored under recommended conditions to maintain stability.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicological profile of Pseudoprotodioscin is not extensively characterized. As a natural steroidal saponin, it may have dose-dependent toxicity at high concentrations. The compound is intended for research use only and not for human therapeutic applications. Comprehensive toxicity studies including acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity assessments are limited. Researchers should follow standard laboratory safety practices when handling Pseudoprotodioscin. Its effects at high concentrations and potential interactions with other drugs or compounds have not been fully investigated.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
False diosgenin is a steroidal saponin. It has been reported to exist in Smilax china, Dioscorea panspinata, and other organisms with relevant data.
Pseudoprotodioscin is a valuable research tool for studying lipid metabolism, cancer, and inflammation. Its ability to inhibit SREBP1/2 and microRNA 33a/b makes it useful for investigating the regulation of cholesterol and triglyceride synthesis. Its cytotoxicity against cancer cells provides opportunities for studying anticancer mechanisms and developing new cancer therapies. Its anti-inflammatory activity makes it relevant for inflammation research. The compound's ability to suppress melanogenesis makes it useful for studying pigmentation. As a steroidal saponin from various plant species, it is also important for natural product chemistry research. |
| Molecular Formula |
C51H82O21
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
1031.1842
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| Exact Mass |
1030.534
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| Elemental Analysis |
C, 59.40; H, 8.02; O, 32.58
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| CAS # |
102115-79-7
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| PubChem CID |
21637110
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| Appearance |
Off-white to light yellow solid powder
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| Density |
1.45 g/cm3
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| Index of Refraction |
1.631
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| LogP |
5.31
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
12
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
21
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
14
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| Heavy Atom Count |
72
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| Complexity |
1930
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
29
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| SMILES |
O1C(C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])OC2([H])C([H])(C([H])(C([H])(C([H])(C([H])([H])O[H])O2)O[H])O[H])O[H])=C(C([H])([H])[H])C2([H])C1([H])C([H])([H])C1([H])C3([H])C([H])([H])C([H])=C4C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C4(C([H])([H])[H])C3([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C12C([H])([H])[H])OC1([H])C([H])(C([H])(C([H])(C([H])(C([H])([H])O[H])O1)OC1([H])C([H])(C([H])(C([H])(C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])O1)O[H])O[H])O[H])O[H])OC1([H])C([H])(C([H])(C([H])(C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])O1)O[H])O[H])O[H]
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| InChi Key |
MDCUMTGKKLOMCW-XNVNDPJESA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C51H82O21/c1-20(19-64-46-40(60)39(59)36(56)31(17-52)69-46)7-10-29-21(2)33-30(68-29)16-28-26-9-8-24-15-25(11-13-50(24,5)27(26)12-14-51(28,33)6)67-49-45(72-48-42(62)38(58)35(55)23(4)66-48)43(63)44(32(18-53)70-49)71-47-41(61)37(57)34(54)22(3)65-47/h8,20,22-23,25-28,30-49,52-63H,7,9-19H2,1-6H3/t20-,22+,23+,25+,26-,27+,28+,30+,31-,32-,33+,34+,35+,36-,37-,38-,39+,40-,41-,42-,43+,44-,45-,46-,47+,48+,49-,50+,51+/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[[(1S,2S,4S,8S,9S,12S,13R,16S)-7,9,13-trimethyl-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybutyl]-5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosa-6,18-dien-16-yl]oxy]oxan-3-yl]oxy-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol
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| Synonyms |
Pseudoprotodioscin
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ≥ 100 mg/mL (~96.98 mM)
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~96.98 mM) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (2.42 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (2.42 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (2.42 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 0.9698 mL | 4.8488 mL | 9.6976 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.1940 mL | 0.9698 mL | 1.9395 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.0970 mL | 0.4849 mL | 0.9698 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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